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The American Review of Reviews

EDITED BY ALBERT SHAW

CONTENTS FOR JULY, 1910

Mr. Roosevelt and Mayor Gaynor. Frontispiece

The Progress of the World—

• ther Halt-Year Ended 3

Republicans Gen g 1 -ether 5

Tariff Study Now Authorized 3

l' Y: ' and " Insurgents " 4

Mr. i .•' • • le M re tic-nial ;

I" nan in. he Railroad Bill. .... 6

The New Interstate Comnn .... 7

Rai 9

Thr 1(1

>evelt's Home-C ... 10

The Political Atmosphere. 12

The i Ohio. ... 14 Lining Up in Indiana

i and It» Insurgents .... 15

Can LaF-.llctte Be Displaced - . 16

rhart and Moses Clapp .

~y "the Colonel •• 16

Primaries Again .

Oti Vork L- . . 18

The Secretary to the President. 18

rhe Taik >>f the Commis 19

IV

s-Bank R

e Rai

I

i

>ned 1

on a

H

20

21

I 31

in of 1 1 rh

: a 1 1 1 s

41

A New Personality in Ohio Politics.... 43

\ Mooney

The Disease-Carrying House-Fly 44

By Daniel D. Jac kson •

n\.

What the Railroads are Doing to Open

Up Newfoundland 49

By Sir Edward Morris

'.rations

56

64

65

Cancer as Known To-Day

By E\ vc Levin

Live Stock and Land Values

By A. G. Leonard

The Los Angeles Aqueduct

By |oseph Barlow Ltppincott

r illustrations

The Case of Paladino 74

By Joseph Tastrow 11". trations

The Coming Crisis in China S>

By Adachi Kjnnosi

Reducing Interest Rates on Savings

De ss

Bv John Har^i s Run u

Irrigation Securities and the Investor. . . By E (1. Hopsok

Leading Articles of the Month

: Fi iends

ind the Child-Labor Problem

Prii Method of In (ruction

the A on rii an Cheap ^

Modern $ ...

Mr. Roosevelt on B es in

i-Speakii II ■ i ' on to the Crown

■ r Women in A lia. . . . <

\\ aiwupu \ I. t" in I-

r <

I I the War ( 'loud in Europe

land Its <

nony

90

93

94

97 99

Hill

Mil

103 105 107 108 109 III)

1 1 !

115 116

117

I IS

■

I HI Ml V H W Ol IM'.IIU, m,

! \ PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT AND MAYOR GAYNOR

As the) appeared on il >< .) <>l tl><- M.nor's arreting to the returning tia\c day,

June 18, at the Battery, New York

THE AMERICAN

Review of Reviews

Vol. XLII

NEW YORK, JULY, 1910

No. 1

THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD

. „ The hrst half of the year igio.

Another . , - .

Half-rear crowded as it nas been witn many matters of interest and moment from day to day. has been more than usually free from events that mark epochsin the move- ment of history. Thus far 19 10 has been a year of orderly progress in the United States. - has finished its long term, and its members are glad to be in their respective States and districts once more, many of them having critical situations to face in politic-. 'lent Taft is obtaining some recreation at rly, Ma—., although be will not be re- strained from keeping van' ments in different parts of the country, his greatest pas- sion being for travel. Economii conditions are t -illiant as had been predi< ted a year but they are not, on the other hand, dis- turbing or depri The tariff for

a fixed ithout regard to

ivember's ele< tions. The railroad law will not have a disturbing influ<

on the contrary will relieve ility to railroad The the political situa-

■

of »Jui

B

Was ' :it I'i

>li( an I

H I''

in mui

it of thi if tin-

\l \\ DO

.

this lime forth the tariff ought to be studied. The i \hlrii h tariff is a log rolling meas-

ure which was put together on the plan of tak- uod care as possible of all sectional, local, and special interests. Future tariffs mu-t be built u|»on a scientific study of indus- ir needs, .1- related to international produ< I ! distribution.

! true 1!: d1 in

iferred upon 1 1 1«

Yet the t'lani cii

I hi

lire< lion

\\ in)',

borough

uii|.lf, into the ■ Miion and

wooh lull M. I money, inu Hi

1

I HI \\1ERICA\ REVIEW OF REVIEWS

I I appropriation Kill may. in th< to h

i its r with the "■n of the I' till. N

■ ould be so lulil diate general revision \\ ■ are nol proper n\ isionj the b unlry

i be 5ubje< ted to the di-tur a premature tarilT ither of the

ing parties at ihe present lime is .1 fil instru- ment foi ;arilT legists

lit I) made the vent the adoption 1 lould at-

tempt i (-i nt in the due

ol time the publii will revise its tariff, on th< ; dif-

fused information. I rd, if it

to the height of it- opportunities, « an lead ifely toward the non-partisan, businesslike . »tm< a of our tariff [x)li< our

s< hedules in detail.

Meanwhile, the grant of an in- 1 reased appropriation for the Tar-

A Chance

iff Hoard gave the divergent wings

of the Republican party ;t chance to come closer

together. The clause in the Payne-Aldrich

f law ih - for the Tariff Hoard

Beveridj the 5 in a proper form, 1

ithorit) since

rned. If lh( had n< foolishly

lam, ith in « onfereni e < ommit

g co rrees like S( nator 1 1 I I " una' r the clause as am

very things he has actually I" it is

ble that Senator B !

ted tor the Tariff bill in i . although he disapproved ol lules, it was his lion that th<

..„ !r. Taft's di

artywh. Udri< h taritT ha : di-ni|>-

ti\e and unfortunate thing thai party has had to encounter i history.

He has made the mistake of tr< men

as it" th< - "insur-

gent" r ian "pi The K<

publican party is instinctive when in the firm grip

-tri< t organization men. the party al iffers

I he Republic lie VY< -'

who have argents"

have for the most part had a I01 rd ol

party loyal tj tried in

break them down in their own community votii

Tin STETSON COTTAGI M BEVERLY. MA M MAS I WHICH IS AG\ -

M \K \s I \M. tin St mmi h HOMI <>i PRESDEN1 1 \n KND HIS FAMLY

THE PROGRESS OE THE WORLD

-iDENT TAFT AT MARIETTA. OHIO. JUNE 15. \X HERE HE HELPED TO CELEBRATE THE NORTHWEST ORDINANCE AND THE FOUNDING OF A COLLEGE

litical discernment, as well .1- a

<1 humor. Mr .Tuffs own

attit tariff revision, up to one year

that of the group

of men who in v the final

did no ith the majority. The

and ougl have \» lied where it did not

fit th The in~ur. .simply those

mem die Ho make the

»u-i :n^ rul< 1 one the

m reqi

i vi<

hi to from

ha- had the perfect right Lo be the judge ol his own anions, with accountability to nobody but to his own constituents at home. It would never have been guessed that Mr. Taft, of all men. should have become the intolerant cham- pion of the old-time party leader- in the two Houses, to the extent of showing a willingness latronage and the multiform power ol the Exe< utive for the overthrow of the -pirit of politic al • I here is some re

to think thai Mr. Tan already sees a new light, and that he will prefer to be the country's I'r< -i< he avowed 1 hie

^

i

I III. A HI RICA Y REVIEW "/• A'/.l // II S

■

pari while a- .1 Republic an In- w ill

prefer to belong i>> the whole party, including its progressive two-thirds, rather than to the wing <>f the par ise leadership, if undis-

puted, would mean defeat beyond anj able hope. The spirit of tin- Republi< an part) is

;ressive; and Mr. Taft will never find him ^ili in .1 very happy or congenial atmosphere until In- makes it entirelyplain t<> ever) bo the progressive thought and leadership of the country i- to be welcomed and I

ther it aj ith his \ iews in all matters

tail, or ■

■In- solid Repul both Houses upon the I

i Hill , ,,,

- I! i alllc OUt >■'

committee might well ha1 >red Mr

r proprr and his traditional : humor, an<: • It-iri- to mimV

rather than to magnify, party diiL •

1 I he Taft ad-

ministration lias never been n I by the

Pavne-Aldrich

M ft had taken iiMim.h

inten si in tariff ma nning <>f the

ok at the

have had a somewhat bett( r law In any .

it could not have Keen a ment and it has never :

Mr Taft to bear the I, runt Mr

I . chain the Ap-

propriations Commit- n while

the Payne hill was on it- i man •■

did not admire it tn^ enthu

tsm whi about it. ation in

the flousi such thi

duty i ir the hill in the end — just

emed Mr. Taft's duty to - thing that could be had. M quenl praise of the now tariff, in disl ell intended hut not valuabh

Mi 1 Mr T tft, ■

unfortunai tai I to have b(

by one of thoa sperts" who-e methods

that will natural!] Mr I aft's own Tarifl B Mr. ' I

ortunity lies in obtain w Tariff B. I feel great pride where he I ity "Insi his tariff board, and his railroad hill, and • rve hi- recognition. It would seem as un- r, meanwhile, to break down V ne\ in

ii district l>e. ause he I it right

vote for the Payne-Aldrich other Western Cong thought it right to vote in the n< rule of independence should Mr. Tawney is a man of strength and experi- ould 1m

m ! bill.it

kablep slation,

and it would he <|uite unfair not to

ign to the President an Attorn.

teral a large measure i it safely through the in

h Houses, .md through the threatened d lock in conference committee

rely well satisfied with the hill in its fin m as he signed it. and so-called "insurgent" Senator Cummins, their sp amendments were not adopted.

might well claim that important compromis embodying principles proposed bj them would never have been adopted but for the resolute positions they assumed in the debate. If the railroads, indeed, had supposed that the pen. I ill would gi until th< -on,

they must .dso now KC that certain actions of their own precipitated the alts.

THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD

Under the new law. the Interstate it aii Commerce Commission has an

Happened amp]e tjme \vjthjn which to 5US-

pend the operation of new railroad rates pend- ing inquiry as to their reasonableness. While the bili was pending, the principal roads ofnhe country had attempted some important in- creases in freight rates. The Western Trunk Line Association, comprising a large number of roads, had filed its proposed increa-

ungton in April. Just as the rates were to become effective, Attorney-General Wicke-- sham checkmated this railroad action by ob- taining an injunction, alleging that the in- creased rates would be unreasonable and oppressive, and abo that the joint action of the roads, in the methods used by them, constituted a violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust law. Great business excitement and confusion re- sulted. The railroads, — after a hurried con- ference with President Taft. Attorney-General Wickersham, Secretary Knox, and others. — agreed to withdraw their advanced rates, while the Attorney-General on his pari agreed not to

_'al action. Thus the bold stq the roads, met by the equally bold action of the Administration, created a situation that prac- tically compelled ( the pending bill its final touches and allow it to go promptly upon the statute I With the new law ind made operative at once, the rail- road- m file inc but the Interstate Commr a will have

ically a year ;ir to inquire

its own account and to listen to complaints and arguments on behalf of shippers.

jhetewin- This Railroad bill— to take it up terstnte Com- specifically — became a law on the

merce Act 0,1 .- 1 .1 ■. , .

iMh 01 last month. Many changes were made in the bill as offered by the admin- istration; but the Commerce Court was re- tained, as were paragraphs increasing the power of the Interstate Commerce Com- mission. Both Senate and House threw out entirely two equally important provisions of

1 \ < I ni i 1 1 i -t r. 1 one

til roads, and the other permitting stock ownership of railn >mpeting

under < ertain i ondition . R<

pron I In

8

A'/ 17/ II OF Kl \ IEW

HON IAMESR MANN Ol ILLINOIS. CHAIRMAN Ol 1 1 II HOl-l OOMMITTEI ON INTI COMMERCE. WHOS] II MM KM III' IN l*HE DEBATI ON I HI KAILROAD mil HASBROUGH1 IIIMi.KI \l CREDIT

such railroad rates as haw had theii for existent e mainly in tl Main

companies to pay interest and dividend inflated * apitalizati<

It was early in January that tin- new ,n i io amend th< I lerstate

Rill I 1 i

( ommen e law rodu< ed

in both l .iic. The House began

it- sti alu i in. ore the bill u'"t out of

committee, with the elimination of the con- spit u. hi- . lause that would have legalized tain existing railroad mergers, Another radii al feature not on 1 1 • * - program was the in< Lusion of interstate telegraph and tclcpl

as common carriers, agains isition of

Republican party leaders. This was on x 28th; and on the following day the insurgents a triumph 1 ater, with the adoption,

\ ote of 1 ;o to 67, of an amendment calling for a physical valuation of all the railroad- in the country. Meanwhile, tin- Senate had proved to be very nearly ssive, al-

though its committee had reported the l»ill on mIi practically unchanged. The Democrats had succeeded l>y the end of April in eliminating from consideration the sections of the bill calling for tin- regulation of rail capitalization. Attempts to have these struck out in the House had failed; but Democratic

THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD

Senators argued that such regulation was con- trary to the rights of the States, would destroy the effectiveness of State railway commissions, would legalize '"watered stock" now in exist- ence, and would halt railway development, particularly in the South. On May 2' the insurgent-Democratic combination in the Sen- ate struck out the sections relating to traffic agreements and to mergers. The adoption on May 13 of a drastic prohibition against a greater charge for a short than tor a long haul, and on May 27 of a clause bringing telephone and telegraph companies within the scope of the act, came as sharp surprises to the "regu- lars," who had prophesied that such claus although added by the House, would not be considered for a moment in the Senate. In fact, the only radical feature contributed by the House and not by the Senate also was the de- mand for a physical valuation; and this was lost in the Senate by only two votes. The bill finally passed the Senate on June }, fifty to twelve — the opposition being solidly Demo 1 ratic. The House Bill having been passed on May 10, no time was lo-t in bringing

-

Ixjth measurer; to conference. Representative

Mann's valiant endeavor to put a stock-and-

>nd-regulation provision through the con-

mmitteewa! ssful. Neither

jation « lause satisfactory Senal In other n

however, the wish re realized

more thoroughly rhan i-. usual in 1 \ < ommis LUthorized to

alleged -to< k wat< td the :b-

-titute for the provision lly demanded.

Ti e word: adopted for the !■

and -hort haul proposition, with an addition by the conferrees prohibiting railroad carri that have ! their rates in competition

'er route from later, unle-» the Commis insiders condi-

tion! to 1; House provision

wa :r< uit Judges shall form

the Comrr art, in of the

( >T uit appoint-

ment th

■ ' oiirt -I lor r< >n of tm I

th< Attorm

or<: 1

won < >n tin- other band, tl

vastly d in

tea and ,„|

- in "railroad" in the J«t to cm.

HON. C. I R VNC1 . - >AU1

(' >ne ■ 1 the rai'i • e al Berne)

bridges, and ferric-, as well as b) the section including telegraphs and telephones, both wire and wireless, and cable companies. The new- law makes it more difficult for the railroads to conceal rebating from the Commission. It re- fjUires all common carriers to keep an agent in Washington, whom the Commission may serve with papers. It withdraws from the Commission the burden of making many re port- and analyses to Congress. It authorizes the Commission to suspend a rate inert pending it- investigation into the reasonable- thereof, and to I. ceo on investigating as long months if it wishes. Above all, it

enables the Commission to proceed against a common carrier, not only after receiving < plaint, bul al any time, upon it- ow n initiative.

_ , In a little MM-i ■' h made al Pari

nun '

burg, \\ \ .1 .. lasl month, Pi denl T.iii 1 all< ition to

field of < onstanUy impro\ lro.nl I.

lation thai 1 than il n

'I li upon marked improvements

made by the present ( "on ■• in the I requiring th< ippliam «•- that pn

employe fiublii 1 1 pointed out .1 i< tdj impi 1 in il 1. .in Pi 1 I

admi to the

■ 1

II

THE AMERICA V REVIEW OF Rl I IEWS

a\

in i h.ir.i. tcr. will iii by

i be

|u.|, I M,r • ■< iU

nine rs. I.. Intel

in important i Then

j mall i hi' should have smih inything from tin Genu "I

But the tip ery

intrj must be w ill iii al trans

railro.nl- with thos

quarter \\ hen, last month, < •• gress voted to promote \i \ M to the n statehood. \

dozen y< re a1 tin- point oi

admission by virtue of an omnibus bill thai would also have admit! I I ' lahoma and the Indian I : \ hard right,

Beveridg< in his i apa< it] chairman of the Commitl Territories,

homa, with ble pop d boundaries Vri

and J bt to ha

and I

after Gfry years the State migh

it' it had p

■ the Union. In

II be time be

rs hington. M< nwhile, this chapter of our history being clo

\ \ v I

their

prove to be

,'h of limited

I

'

urday, June the chara< t< iin 'I hi r isi sm over his safe h i in tin

II hands regardless met

d at him ■ , ., • lilitj .

5, the

hundred R<

mpk

■ ihc wh 'it. it

THE PROGRESS OT THE WORLD

I 1

MR ROOSEVELT SPEAKING IN RESPOV-E TO MAYOR GAYNORS ADDRESS Ob WELCOMI

Nil U (I ' OMP I*

I?

//// I 1//.A7( I \ A7 I // II <>] A'/ I /AN 5

\IR ROOSEVEL1 WD M.V >YNOR IN I HE PARADE

was perhaps tl -' impressive reception

i individual that has ever been known

in this country. Admiral Dewey's arrival

•ked by a magnificent demonstration;

that occasion was not the Admiral's

alone, but the return of our fleet from Philippines. "Roosevelt hay'" was not

marred by any unhappy incident.

rhts i- the dutj } citizen, \<

li.trlv mj duty; for any man who I

red by being m it of the United

3 is thereb; forever after rendered the d< "I tin1 American is bound thi

his life t" remember this as bis prim ition,

and in private lilt- a< Rill

carry himself that the American p

rt that ! him

.it their he. i

Mr. Roosevelt's lit!

ry, whi< h pared and frankly read from the manus

A P<

I i h ■■■•'■■ you,

than!

thank th l"r then I

'

| I h

tl

in tli

than I

i I I .11.1 ■

feeling

Mr. R. urn would

Atmospi-

the Republic ,w\ par tri-

ump1 and the humili

other If, however, is

i him .. itro-

n |'irt\

.. the 11

M

Juh PROGRESS OF J HE WORLD

13

THE ROUGH RIDERS GREEIING THEIR COLOXEL

plction: the Taft 'ii bills, ni\ int;

practical eff< iremost Roosevelt |m>1;

also made part of th: of things a< tually achieved; there even seemed iimt jrixxl pr he bOl for giving

l>uhli< ity to campaign contribute ns. In -hort. Mr. Roosevelt found the great Republican party saying and doinj muih what he

mi^ht reasonably h i it.

1 He

land:

In the York Mr

Roosevelt found the Legislature assembling in 3pe» ial

in order to primary el© ■ I ■■><><] deal

and l)V the W Al He found I

r Uugfv • it lr, mount the

i< h at \. in the aut

»r administering ile -Hi ii forma Mr

!*,rt ol

ire oi I ■ orruption and fraud He found, in I • ondition in hot I and

It of hi-

1 1

I III l \li RH I \ REVIEW OF REVIEW S

rlier efforts for reform, and that of promise quite regardless of j I mk-r these ( m nmstances, there m

f< >r him to take a narrow, partis

\ ork polrd a disinterested lover of hi^ country, to d

h party thi- year should put up tin- man it could possibly bri irard for Governor of the Mate, with a il the progress of ti

il further on. With a mod :ion law

at tin- extri »n, and a I

. die New York find themselves in fighting >h.

The

Prospects

in Ohio

\\ I 20

I

ll'lii an harmony and -u. in the - of Roosevelt and

e brighter than in the native ; of President I Governor Harmon'- re-

nomination on the ! ket had be-

come a certainty, and tin- Republic ans were >till castii m. Mr. was

Al rH£ DOOR Ol m wiv BYTERIAN PHURCH, \KTTK THE WEDOINC

rHEODORI MISS EU \\>>.< ALEXANDER. H '

THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD

15

clearly for his friend, Congressman Nicholas Longworth, Mr. Roosevelt*s son-in-law. Mr. Longworth is popular as a man, and his choice might readily harmonize Republican factions in Ohio. But Governor Karmon will be very hard to defeat at the polls this year.

Lining

Up

in Indiana

In the State of Indiana, attention will be focussed upon .Senator Beveridge's plucky personal fight for reelection. Th< convention, which

was held early, gave him a most ardent indorse- ment, but his success depends upon the election of a Republican Legislature in what seems to be a Democratic vear and a Democratic State. Gov. Marshall having made John YV. Kern the Democratic candidate. Mr. Beveridge has not spared himself in helping to fight Republican battles in other States, from Maine to Cali- fornia; and the failure of any Republican party leader to give him aid and support just now in his own contest would merit the frown of the Republican rank and file.

Nil (I'M \ -> 1,0

|UN1 10

/"• irgtxtt

no In

veltor anyone else, though doubtless they exp< ' no unkindness from the returned hunter. I e insurgent ( 'ongressmen i'm Iowa were all ind< • at the primaries in their o1 icts. I

man I bill, a < onspii UOU :i the I '

and one of the foremost of thi '

rs " and anti-pn • to

his renomination.

in the party at V dire< t I

upon the 1 r.irroll \ losing hi-- nomination, 1"

■ been pcrh hal n< idi

■ I with a fa. tion. 'I In- L01

iporl "I theii 0 thry

mply tin are more th 1

the ■< ihli( an oi 1 • tie coui

nd tin 1 • with 1! ■■■

r

/ .1.1// KH I \ Kl I // II "/ RE] IIW S

liil.it the Republicans <>f Wisconsin as

and out of >ympathy with

ho has won so manv

single-handi i not quite convinc-

W will not allow Mr. I. a Toilette

nt of the Repuhlican party, even if

it take- the solid Democratic vote of the Matt

im in control of the Repuhlican org

I era to be written in the

fate that Mr. I.alollette i- to retire

Unit the same day

with Mr Aldrich, of Rhode 1 ind Mr.

Maine.

„ ... . It will Mr. Roosevelt

Xing to i.i

wor. many days to become thnrou»hlv

Co" familiar with tl

t-nt ( the pn

administrati" situations in

intry 'nil ii(i to eh> i . 1 '

scntatives in Novembei i with as

little for Mr. R It's Republican

sensibilii \ I >emo

riveniently shift the burden of responsibility for t; House and i ommitt<

very good thing all around. It would encour-

ell in tl : \\ ashing ton, w;th a view to finding favor at the polls in mu. It would put the Republicans on their be>t behavior, and help

liver ha - mu< h ith

trend of publii will eventually

1''

tbrr'

pllltlli >V-

Hoaes I

I

ng

I, and will I

Bui tl

THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD

17

them to write a little more consistency into their principles, and to be a little more fastid- ious in their selection of local and general lead- ers. To sum it up, there is nothing in the political situation that should disturb Colonel Roosevelt in the least, or interfere with his having a pleasant summer in ways that would naturally please him best. He has few public engagements for the present, and has declared that he will not speak until he had been home for more than two months, his first speech being at the John Brown celebration in Kansas City in August, after which he will attend the Chey- enne frontier gathering, and the Conservation Congress at St. Faul in September.

The Xew York Legislature having Primaries failed to pass any primary bill AQ<un which he could approve, Governor Hughes called a special session. When the members reassembled at Albany, on June 20, there was a marked disposition to question the Governor's right to construe the legislative situ- ation regarding direct primaries as an "emer- gency "'justifying the calling of a special session. The Governor himself maintained that since the Senate had : .it the regular session )

>-called Cobb bill, while the Assembly had . there was at least a possibility of the two houses getting together on some measure for primary reform, if their attention could be concentrated on that particular sub- ject, without the di >ns that made- ade- quate di -ible during the dosing hours of the regular session. As to public sen- timent in the State at large on the question of direct nominations, there ha- been no cohclu-

1

•!' CL \IM', 01 Miwi SOTA

sive test and one man's opinion i> as valuable

as another's. The "Old Guard" Republi-

who succeeded in passing the l>ill that was

vetoed by the Governor, hold that the people

have not asked for any legislation that would

eliminate the party convention. The Hughes

Republicans and a few Democratic members

in both houses maintain that nothing less than

a radical ( bange in the method of ( boosing the

party committees, as well as all nominees for

'I! satisfy the popular demand

Tho itors who have the courage of their

convictions will opportunity to tesl the

1 of tin ir <li-tri( t- when they go before

tlieir ' onstituenl fall and asl for an a|»

• I of their ( our 1 B< id( the a timed

noi Hi. added the

0 Albany al this time th< hii.iti. ial 1 ondition, whii li reqi liate

''i'M'

far >»«-!'. .*. the ' He ret om

I III. WII.RIC.W REVIEW OP REVIEWS

HON (li\KII.> I) V)UI(>\ SI i HI I \HO IO FHI l'Rf->IDi \T

mended that the deficit be made up through the inheritan< e tax. 1 le also urged a thorough- going investigation of the graft charges made during the past -i\ month-.

i 1 1. lit should be (riven to the \i\\

Other

New tori, \ ork law maker- for. several very i and beneficent enactments. The bills tor tin- amendment of the law- con- cerning employers' liability for industrial dents attempt to remedy some of the most vils arising from tin- attempt to apply tin- old common law rules to the conditions ^i modern industrj In the next number oi this Review we hope t<> present ill) prep

mi mmary of the situation rt -| >« . ling i ompensa tion for accidents in this country, with special reference t > this new legislation which pi

N ork at tin- forefront of tin movement for industrial betterment Important amend-

ments to the anti-race track gambling hills. prohibiting oral betting, were passed, ami a scientific method of dealing with inebriates was authorized for New York City. A law was en- acted which enables the Mate to accept the noble gifts of lands for a State park made by Mr- I H. Harriman and others, and the n< sary bond issues will he referred to popular vote. Governor Hughes vigorously pruned the appropriations, making a net reduction of about $5. 000,000.

_. . It take- two Presidents, nowadays.

The Seer i ■

:he to make it possible lor one Irc-i- v d,nt dent to <\o his work efficiently. It was Mr. ("ortelyou in the Spanish War period. always at Mr. McKinley's right hand, who showed Washington and the country how- the office oi Secretary to the President might 1 idled a- to quadruple the capacity of .. I

THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD 19

dent to dispatch business. When Mr. Cortel- Switzerland. But, fortunately for the rail- you became chairman of the national commit- roads, the Commission will not have to pas- tee and a member of the cabinet it did not seem upon hundreds of individual rate advances, — possible that another man could compare with a task which might consume years, — but upon him for discretion and ability in the more labori- collective advances. If factors of capitalization ous and more important office of the Presi- and physical value were to be considered; if dent's secretary. Yet Mr. Loeb fully justified the Commission had to decide on the merits of his promotion and played a great part in individual rates as justified, on the one hand the Roosevelt administration. Mr. Carpenter, for the impoverished Erie Railroad, or, on the who had been Mr. Taft's private secretary for other, for the opulent Delaware, Lackawanna many years, brought high character and intelli- and Western, the outlook would be a sad one gence to the work of his new office, but lacked for the railroads, which began their increased the physical strength to bear the strain. He wage schedules, as a rule, on June i. The far has been appointed Minister to Morocco and more simple question, whether the increased Mr. Charles D. Norton is now Secretary to cost of supplies and the larger pay of their the President. The Taft administration has employees justify the railroads in increasing brought many capable and well-trained young certain class rates, should easily be decided in men to Washington, but it is the verdict of a very few months. It is by no means to be public men in the capital that Mr. Xorton taken for granted that the railroads have no ranks first among them all. Secretary Mac- good ground for their demands. Their posi- Veagfa had secured his appointment as First tion will have fair treatment both by the -tant Secretary of the Treasury; and dur- Commission and also by the intelligent public. ing a semce of only a little more than a year he had already made a high record in that office. . . ., In the meantime, the reports of

■ • -.'• i i • • i Can the Rail- . ' , • ,■

Among Chicago business men the position he roads Make earnings of the railroads indicate

had earned by his talents, character, and use- En<*sMeet? ^.^ t^ev can wajt fQr ^e decision

fulness was so important that he made great without disaster, even if they do suffer some

rices to go to Washington. The office of inconvenience and anxiety, and find some fresh

•tary to the President requires executive obstacles to their work of raising needed capital

ability of the first order, a wide knowledge of in Europe. Gross earnings have, in fact, at-

men, sound judgment, an unselfish nature, and a tained unexpectedly handsome proportions,

blending of kindly tact with firm decision. Mr. which is the more surprising and the more

Taft is to be congratulated upon having secured gratifying in that the movement of grain and

the services of the Hon. Charles Dyer Xorton. raw commodities has been at a low ebb. This

Profe-^or Andr Harvard, who had for a leaves the increased gross earnings to be made

year been Director of the Mint, takes Mr. Xor- up largely of manufactured articles. The last

ton's place 'ant Secretary of the Treas- monthly report of the Pennsylvania Railroad

ury. Dr. Andrew is an authority in monetary showed an increase in gross earnings over 1909

science and finance, and a strong administrator, of $2,071,900, and a gain in net of only $75,100,

— figures that are eloquent of the "increased

7* t h ^ ncn President Taft "called off" cost of living" which had set in even before the

the threatened litigation against wage increases began to take effect The Rock

the railroad-, on condition that they Eland Lines in April had an increase ingross

I for the In) Comn irningsof $416,146 and a loss in net of do less

' -.ion to pass upon the proposed freight than ^. The Southern Pacific gained

<•-, there 1 udden rebound $006,927 in and l<>-t $108,453 in net.

■ point of Wall ■ ■ The Louisville and Nashville, the mosl pros

Hut "the marL ■ into perous and one of the best managed Southern

a hesitant ined for (he- month $774,612 in i_>i

of industry \ •• • tl 0 rapidly thai it lost

•1 the railroad heads and $17,353, 9, in net. When it is

ift on I nd 7, and tl dered thai mi earning a before

0 bond interest i> dedu< ted, thai this bond inic 1

( omm in numerou in tan< i«-r than in and that the item of ini rca ed wage pa)

1 r>rk will \>c complicated mcnl yet to come, it ap that the rail

and r< 1 formidable <• nihil of figun

the I C01 on in • I ■ t ■ ndii I

20 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

The Government's report of June i ... Those railroads which have been

on the crop situation was, on the /» Railroad most courageous and energetic in

*•"'• \\i ible It has been a Qu°tationt extensions and improvements suf-

cold spring, and the spring wheat has suffered fered most, as was natural, since they would be

rom thi rhere has been, hardest hit by the increased difficulty of raising too f moisture in certain sections, funds. The Chicago, Milwaukee and St and an . But the average figure Paul, which was struggling already with the for wini. it, the most important crop to be problem of maintaining its net earnings and wad lud at this . only a fraction dividends through the callow days of it- great below the condition reported on June x, 1909, new Pacific Coast extension, lost nearly ten with about three quarters of a million more points in the market value of its stock in a sin- acres under cultivation than last year. This gle day; the stock has through June ruled at would promise a crop of winter wheat larger a figure more than twenty-five points below the than last year's and one pcrh. ind only prii e reached in the recovery from the panic. in size to the bumper yield of 493 million bush- The Great Northern Railway's stock, which els in 1906. ( )ur farmers have, also, largely sold at 348 in 1906, and as high as 157 since the increased their operation- in spring wheat, the panic, fell to 126. The common stock of the average this year being 19,742,000 acres, which United States Steel Corporation, which is [,349,000 acres more than was planted in quoted as high a hen it paid 4 per cent. 1900. As the weather in June, subsequent to dividends, fell in June, when it was on a regular the Government's report, has been quite favor- 5 per cent, basis, to 74. There were numerous able, there is promise of a larger spring wheat rumors of cancellation of orders given by the crop than last year, and even of the largest on railroads for equipment, and a general feeling record. With the oat fields indicating the lar- in financial circles that industry bad received gest yield in the history of the country and rye a paralyzing blow. Yet. in fact, business enter- and barley at least .1- good .1- in any previous prises were in normal activity. year, we seem to have come through the "crop

res," chronicled in this department in the Several of the large New York

spring months, with living colors, and to have Savings ings banks are reducing the rate of

before us all the industrial prosperity that Bank Rates jnlcrt.st paj(j lo depositors from

abundant harvests of ( ereals can ensure. 4 per cent., the rate which has been customary

during the past ivw years, to 3^ per cent. The

Stgcl< In the first days of June, Wall reduction is a direct result of the lower prices

Pnces Street came to the most troublous now tiuoted for bond-, -state, municipal, and

condition it had seen since the re- high-grade railroad bonds, — of the type in

covery from the panic of igo;. The Govern- which it is permissible for savings banks to

ment's injunction restraining the twenty-five invest their surplus. Thousand- of people are

railroads of the Middle West from raising their not only disappointed but much puzzled as

freight rate- ( ame at a moment of di-trust and well, by this. If these bonds in whicn savings

anxious hesitation in industry and finance, banks may legally invest their funds are cheaper

There had Keen a well-defined slackening in to buy, and pay the same rate of inl - be-

trade; I rop conditions were a- yet uncertain; fore, they argue that the logical step would be

the railroads and other great industrial enter- to raise the rate paid dej . instead of

prises were finding it difficult or impossible to lowering it. The truth that the

persuade American investors to furnish the savings banks have already invested their funds

money absolutely needed for extensions and in these bonds in past years, and at the higher

improvements; the rate of wages had been prices. To be sure, their interest return is the

largel} increased, especially in the case ^\ the same as it was when the bonds sold at the

railroads, which had added, it is estimated, no higher prices; but their surplus has dimin-

v 150,000,000 to their operating e\- i-hed by just the amount of shrinkage in the

< - through in< reased pay to their employ- quoted value of the securities they hold. I • ■ ire these had

begun to be operative the "increased cost of A savings bank must be, before all

living "of the railroads had begun to cut largely J^jjjy other things, safe: and its safety

into their net income. So when this sudden is measured by the surplus it would

and unexpe ted blow , ame to the one discern- have if it wound up its affairs, selling all of its

ible helping fa. tor in the railroad omit Bccurities at market prices and paying all of its

problem, security priot they had depositors the amount of it- deposit-. It is a

not done tor more than twi fad oi importance bearing on the present situ-

THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD

21

A VIEW OF THE CAMPUS OF MAFUETTA COLLEGE (OHIO)

ation that the surplus of the New York savings banks has been steadily diminishing for twenty years, and is now barely one half what it was in 1890. Some of the banks are in much stronger condition than others, and it is a mat- ter of individual judgment and management as to whether any particular institution should take the conservative step or not; but the State banking authorities much prefer to see uniform action in such a matter, as it is not con-idered a good thing for the community at r certain banks to pay larger interest than others, and weaken those others still fur- ther by attracting the deposits that would nor- mally come to the le>s prosperous institutions. :ation strike- a savings bank trustee and leading writer on the subject, Mr. John en Kho. told by himself on page 88.

The seventy-fifth anniversary of c!/«6^o* the funding of Marietta Coll

Oh; odebrafed last month,

in a manner and >]>irit l>efitting an historic

imemoration; for the name of Marietta is

associated with the Ordinance of 17H7 and the

ion of the old Northwest Territory, from

whi< h in pr f time [zed the

I free ~ of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,

Michigan, and \\ President Taft

mac t in hi-, addre

\ ommended the

of the mmunitv for education

he bad »r the Amerii an

I in h are to <lay doing il and stimula1 - in their rcs|iectivc

i-%. The

sw h .! 1

ig $00,000 II flui ation

aditione n the

I

Princeton University has received £&£& by the will of Mr. Isaac C. Wyman of Salem, Mass., a munificent be- quest for its proposed graduate school. The amount of money that will become available for this purpose is not definitely known, but it i- believed to be a least 83,000,000. The an- nouncement of this gift led to the renewal of the offer, made a year ago by Mr. William Cooper Procter, of Cincinnati, to endow the graduate school with $500,000, on condition that a like sum should be provided for the preceptorial system of the college. Mr. Proc- ter's offer had been further conditioned on the erection of a graduate building at a distance from the college campus, and this condition had brought on a discussion that led, last win- ter, to the withdrawal of the original offer. The Wyman gift so (hanged the situation that the university trustees were able to come to an agreement regarding the site of the graduation si hool, and Mr. Procter renewed his gift on its original terms. This is a happy outcome, and higher education in America will undoubtedly be the gainer, but while Princeton is acquiring beautiful buildings to house her graduate s< hool, we should not overlook the Deeds of the one institution in the 1 ountry that had the COUT- a generation ago, to undertake university work. It is at least doubtful whether Prime & heme of graduate institutions

would ever have been worked out if Johns

Hopkins had no1 led the way thirty four years iniversity ;ii Baltimore started al without buildings and with little material equipment, but with high enthusiasm and an

ener. Within twenty year- brougl

things to pass in American acadcmi< lite. \

the work done |,y Johni Hopkil ! < . n

from the beginni itional work, the mi

.■ and expand thai worl h< »uld 1 ome

from the nation rather than from the 1 il Baltimore 'I he v- ,000,000 re. pun d foi addi

22

THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

Dl •'■ PR] SIDEN1 "I miNITY col. I.H.I ,

I IN \

tional endowment would serve the highest ends and should be speedily contributed.

,>.>. m. Another recent benefaction of im-

Utner Uifts .

and portance is the endowment ot the

Ranken School of Mechanical

Trades of St. Louis, by David J. Ranken, Jr.,

the founder of the School, who has deeded to the institution his entire fortune of more than $3,000,000. This endowment will prob- ably make the Ranken School one of the largest institutions of its kind in the world. ( me of the announcements of the college commencement season just , losed was that of a gift of S. so, 000 made by Mr. H. M. ll.mna of Cleveland, to the endowment fund of the medical depart- men of the Western Reserve University. This

sum makes the first quarter of the additional endowment fund of Si .000,000 which the uni- versity now plans to obtain for its medic al 1 ol- \t its last meeting, the General Educa- tion Board voted $538,000 as a conditional appropriation for the endowment funds ,,f eight colleges. I he hoard also appropriated $113,- 000 lor demonstration work in agriculture in the South, and $31, \$o for the salaries and ex- penses of sj.e. Lai pi ondary edu- cation in the several State universities in the South. This latter Bum will be spent, as previous appropriations have been, in fostering

the growth of high se hools. Among the South- ern colleges one of the notable events of the commencement season was the election of l)r. William Preston Few as president of Trinity College. Durham, X. C, to sUl < ecd President John C. Kilgo. who has been called to the offii e of Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. I)r. Few has, for many years, been dean of the college, and has served as one of the editors of the South Atlantic Quarterly, a jour- nal which well represents the prog: -pirit of the new South. Annouru ement was made at the commencement exercises that Mr. B. X. Duke had given Trinity College $100,000, in addition to an earlier gift of $50,000, for the continuation of building plans.

Water for TllC St°r>' "f tht' L<K Angeles

California Aqueduct, as told by Mr. Liooin- coit on page I 5 oi this Review, is truly impressive. Here is a municipal work costing millions of dollars, and requiring the services of thousands of employees, which is being pushed to completion with an actual saving on at least one section of .40 per cent, from the estimated cost. The physical bar- riers encountered make the construe lion of the skill Aqueduct for New York City (with the possible exception of the tunneling under the Hudson) seem an easy task by comparison. Yet this trenching of two hundred mile desert, with all the difficulties of housing and caring for employees, goes bravely on. The country has had no liner example of municipal efficiency than this. While Los Angel assured of a water supply that will meet the needs of a million people, San Pram isco is even now forced to practise the most rigid economy in the use of her limited supply, and the out- look for the future is not altogether promising. It will be remembered that vigorous opposition arose some months ago to the proposed quisition of the Eietch Hetchy valley in the Yosemite Forest Reserve for the purposes of the San Francisco water supply. So powerful was this opposition that an order was secured from the Secretary of the Interior directing the Hoard of Supervisors oi San Franc -how

cause why the Hetc h Hetchy valley and rcser voir site should not be eliminated from the permit to the city that had been granted by .V>rctary Garfield in [908. A continuation of this order until June, ion, has now been cured, in order to enable the city to furnish ssary data and information to enable the Interior Department to determine whether or not the Pake Pleanor Basin, together with other available sources of water supply, will be ade- quate for the needs of San Francisco and ad-

THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD

23

jacent Bav cities without the inclusion of the Hetch-Hetchy valley. The decision of this question is virtually left, however, to a board of army engineers, and there will be no dispute as to the impartiality and competence of such a board to deal justly with the city of San Francisco on the one hand, and the friends of conservation and scenic preservation on the other, in this somewhat complicated matter. Meanwhile, the city is at the mercy of the water company which controls the present supply, and declares itself absolved from responsibility, since steps have been taken to secure a munici- pal plant. Whatever the decision of the board of armv engineers mav be, it will be necessarv for San Francisco to act promptly and with the utmost [>ossible expedition, if her popula- tion is to be kept adequately supplied with water in her enlarged future.

certs. The fireworks that will find a place in these celebrations will be of the harmless, dis- play type, and will be under the supervision of experts. The city of Washington had a suc- cessful "sane Fourth" last year that furnished not a single patient for the hospitals, whereas on the preceding Fourth of July there were 104 accident cases. Xew York Citv is also taking up the idea of an improved Fourth of July celebration, and the Independence Day 'Com- mittee appointed by Mayor Gaynor has ar- ranged an interesting program for the day. The centennial of the Xew York City Hall will be celebrated, and there will be civic and mili- tary parades, with patriotic societies in cos- tume, as well as exercises for the children in the recreation centers and athletic contests for the boys. At night there will be displays of aerial fireworks in the parks.

Happily the movement for a safe oid-Fash, oned and sane celebration of Independ- ence Day has been widely endorsed and promoted. The many articles in the maga- zines and newspapers, like that by Dr. Huber in the June Review of Reviews, accom- panied as they have been with an array of startling statistics of the loss of life as the result of the use of dangerous fireworks on the Fourth of July, have helped to awaken the people to the necessity for reform in our methods of celebration. Many communities have accord- ingly taken steps to prohibit the use of dan-

js fireworks on the Fourth of July, and

will substitute a celebration le>s harmful and

more inspiring. The programs will generally

BSt of parades and public meetings, with

patriotic songs and orations, the reading of the

aration of Independence, and band con-

* mj-r uu>t. fix.

..) [HI KLfflBL- HlfoALLuV

• „.,.., Chicago's "safe and sane Fourth"

A Military o .

Tournament will be participated in bv a lull for Chicago ^^ division of United States troops, including infantry, cavalry, field artil- lery engineers, signal corps, hospital corps, and army aviators with a Wright aeroplane. An historical pageant has been planned, with floats emblematic of important national events, and a parade in which will be represented the various foreign nationalities that go to make up the population of Chic ago After taking part in the Fourth of July celebration, the troops will remain in camp at ( I rant Park for ten days, where they will give daily military exhibitions illustrating the routine work of an army in actual war. The work of the various bram lies of the service will be exemplified, among the most interesting features of which will be the pontoon bridge building by the Engineer Corps, the operation of the field telegraph and the wirele>s stations by the Signal Corps, army aeroplane flights, and cavalry feats. The arena will be large enough to permit the various e\o lutions pertaining to a pitched battle, and will have a Beating capacity of ao.ooo, three quar of «rhich will be free to the public. Cen

era! Frederick I>. Grant will be in personal 1 ommand of the en< ampment and tournament.

America saw nine remarkably

Fi,ght noun line aeroplane (lights during iIk

'""'•*" past month, and the art has a< cordingly been given a decided impetus in tin- country. Up to this time die long

lit have almo 1 <• clu . % • 1 \ monopolized b) for 'hr Albany i" i m vain dui ihe Hud on I ulton 1 > lebration, ha be* n

24

THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

fully accomplished, Glenn Curtiss having, on May 39, won the $io,ooc prize offered by the New York World for this achievement. It

took him exactly three hours and thirty-two minute- to gel from Albany to Inwood, in New York City, including one stop of an hour at Poughkeepsie. The distant e, ao ording to the course followed, was 128 miles, the average speed of the machine having been a little over fifty miles an hour. After offi< ially ending his flight at Inwo.nl, Curtiss again rose and pro- ■ 1 rovernor's Island, making these last fourteen miles in twenty-two minutes. The prize for this feat was valuable and the glory of the achievement great, hut the trip was by no means without it- moments of extreme hazard to Curtiss and his machine. Flying as he did over river, mountain, and valley, he several times encountered contrary current'- of air that threatened him with disaster, but his sk i 1 1 and coolness brought him through in safety.

„ ,M The great hero of aviation last

Hamilton* ° . _, ,

month, however, was ( harles K.

F"°ht Hamilton, a pupil of Mr. Curtiss, who had been doing more or less preliminary flying in the recent past. Hamilton, on June i ;. made the round trip from New York to Philadelphia, over an uncharted course, cover- ing the distance of 172 miles in three hours and twenty-nine minutes of actual flight Starting from Governor's [sland at 7:4^ in the morning, he made the eighty-six miles to Philadelphia in a flight of two hours and forty-live minutes without a single mishap. An immense crowd, including Governor Stuart and various other officials, gave the daring aviator an enthusiastic

ption when he arrived at Philadelphia at

\fter examining his machine and taking

>ome lunch, Hamilton began his return trip at

ny)

"THE WOR1 D DO

(Apropos of Glenn Curtiss's aeroplane flight frutii Albany to New York.)

From the lnttr-Octam (Chicago)

11:30 and got as far as South Aml.oy. X. J., when some defective spark plugs and an acci- dent to his propeller delayed him for five hours and twenty minutes. He finally dropped down at Governor's Island at 6:40 p. m., well within the conditions set for the New York Times prize, which allowed twenty-four hours for the trip and an unlimited number of stops. Some notable aerial achievements took place abroad last month. Jacques de Lesseps on May 21 duplicated Bleriot's hi-toric cross-channel llight, and an Englishman, the Hon. Charles Stewart Rolls, on June 2 properly capped this feat by living from Dover to France and re- turning without having made a slop. Espe- cially interesting from a military standpoint is the aeroplane trip accomplished by Captain Marconnet and Lieutenant Fequant of the French Army. In one machine, on June 0, they Hew from Chalons to Vincennes, a dis- tance of no miles, without stopping once. In the not-distant future we shall undoubtedly some even longer cross-country (lights than these, judging by the handsome prices that have now been offered. 1 or a trip from \ York to St. Louis (icoo miles), tin N York 7 and the- St. l.ouis Post-Pis patch have offered a prize of S^o.ooo; the New York Times and the Chicago ! , Past have

,000 for a (light from New York to (hi. j miles); the London Daily

Mail has offered $>o.ooo for a (light from London to Edinburgh (Soo miles), and numerous smaller pri/es have been offered for various other (lights

THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD

GLENN CURTISS FLYING OVER WEST POINT. MAY 29

MIL HJMII <>\ KAMI • 1 f

////■ I 7/ A7( I V REVIEW OF REVIEWS

THl DUK1 01 CONNAUGHT, WHO will SUCCEED EA1 0R-G1 \l k ai. el CANADA

. ... A few days before the tribunal at

Agreeing Upon ,,',,, ,.

Boundaries I he Hague IkuI begun to lisll'll to

the 6rsl speeches of the Hriti>h and American counsel in the great fisheries case now before it. Secretary Knox and the British Ambassador at Washington signed a treaty agreeing upon the boundary line, in dispute since 1783, between American and Canadian territory in the Province of New Brunswick and the State of Maine. This action, only awaiting the approval of the United States Senate, set- tles the one remaining boundary question be- tween the United States and the Dominion. The present era of good feeling, following the mcnl tariff agreement. was particularly aus- picious for the settlement of this last point at issue between the two countries. Early in March, it will be remembered, the Waterways Treaty was ratified. This not only fixes the water boundaries between the United Mate- and Canada, but also provides

for an equitable disposition of the waters to be withdrawn for power pur) Finally,

Ambassador Bryce has now been given authority from London to affix his signature to the Pecuniary Claims Treaty with Great Britain, which provides for disposing of, by

means ol arbitration, any questions at issue, or in the future, between the United Mates and .uiv British I oloiiy.

The term ol offi* e of Karl (irev, as

Retirement J

of ( iovernor-( icneral, will have ex-

E.iri Greg |,jrt.(j before the opening of the next session of the Canadian Parliament. It is the universal testimony of the Canadian press in both English and French that (we quote from Canadian Life and Resources) "no man vacated the high office of Governor-General more deserving than Karl Crey of the tribute of praise of Parliament, and the affectionate remembrance of the Canadian people." The retiring statesman was a good friend of the United States, and the American people will not soon forget his pleasing and efficient personality. It has been officially announced that, in accordance with one of the latest expressed wishes of his brother, the late King Edward, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, and uncle of the present British King, will succeed Earl Grey, although it is not expected that he will take up his official duties before the autumn. The Duke is sixty year and has seen more than forty year- service in the British army, both at home and abroad.

. ... ,. More important even than the set-

Arbitration r

on a tlemcnt of the venerable fisheries

High Plane prob|em nQW ^^ thc JJ^g

Tribunal, is the very high conception of thc dignity and future possibilities of the Perma- nent Court of International Arbitration, which is set forth in the opening speech of Dr. Hein- rich Lammasch, the president of the tribunal and the umpire of its deliberations. Upon assuming the presidency Dr. Lammasch, who is a professor of law in the University of Vi- enna, a member of the Upper House of the Austrian Parliament and an eminent authority on jurisprudence, delivered a brief but note- worthy speech to the co'irt and the counsel for the United .Mates, Great Britain and Canada. Through every sentence of the address runs the idea of a permanent and truly judicial tribunal and a very high conception <f the judicial function to be performed by this court in this and future cases, quite distinct from the ordinary diplomatic ideas of ordinary arbitral tribunals. The greatest powers of the world, said Dr. Kammasdi, have sub- mitted of their free will to this court, and "nations of minor forces have found their pro- tection before it."'

Matters of great importance have been adjusted in these modest provisional rooms, some <>f them involving the most delicate questu < reignty

and national pride, all implicating intricate prob- lems ot international law .

THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD

27

Characterizing the fisheries case as one of

great gravity and complexity, continued in these words:

Dr. Lammasch

And now these two nations, to which the world is indebted for so much of its progress in every sphere of human thought and action, have agreed to submit their long standing conflict to the arbi- tration of this tribunal. . . In so doing, these governments have set an example for the whole community of nations and have acquired a new merit in the sublime cause of international justice and peace.

As to the intentions and spirit of the court, Dr. Lammasch said:

Be assured, gentlemen representing the litigant parties, that all we arbitrators are imbued with the sense of our responsibility, not only to the govern- ments which honored us with their confidence and to the two great nations they represent, but al- the noble idea of international arbitration so dear to all of us. . . . Every sentence rendered by this court ought to be, by virtue of its impartiality and equity, a new marble pillar to sustain the ideal palace of justice and peace.

T. o . r The remarks of this Austrian jurist

The Spirit of . . }

American will be particularly gratitying to Diplomacy ajj Ajnencan lovers of peace and

justi \ ver before, it may be said, have we approached an arbitration court in just the spirit in which we are submitting this case of ours to The Hague. The American people are not a-king their entatives at the Dutch

capital to conduct the usual game of diplomacy. The American case, in common with the British and Canadian contentions, consists of

gnified presentation of fa< t- to a friendly, impartial and upright tribunal, for- the sake of

'ing an upright, accurate and just settle- ment tary Knox, in hi> address on "The Spirit and Purpose of American Diplomacy," delivered on June 15, at the commencement of the University of Pennsylvania, gave fdii itou-, r Ipll BStcm to this general idea and its inevitable

Ls upon the future of the world "The his- tory of American diplomacy," said Mr. Knox, ondttt t of our relation-, with all other plainly indi< ates the ju>t and

eful pui nimatii rnment."

1 loubtedly tl »i< ed the

administrations • body of tl rk an people

n he sai

The Civil Several new developments in the war in seemingly endless civil war of waragua Nicaragua have marked the prog- ress of the past few weeks. Late in May there were reports of a serious defeat of the armies of Provisional President Madriz by the generals of Estrada. Almost immediately following came the news that the gunboat Venus, coop- erating with the Madriz forces, was attempting to blockade the port of Bluefields, then under the domination of the Estrada faction. By the authority of Secretary Knox, Commander Gilmer of the American gunboat Paducah,

I	'	•11 Ij. U) upbuild ii -
		bat tli<- < an
		ipl, til. ill III
		. fr-.in tr.idi-

DK. HF1NRICH LAMMASCH, PRESIDEN1 01 mi-

M \<.i I i BIB1 N .1. WHICH tS in ARING

I Hi l 1 — 1*1 BIES CASE

at once notified the Venui that future inter ference with American vessels would not be

tolerated, and that, considering the extent of

American interests in Bluefields, a bombard- ment of ili.it town would not be permitted. Tin- attitude of th<- United States, said Se< re

i in his instrui t i . > 1 1 - to < Commander

Gilmer, remains the same forth in the

r fr«.tn the Department to the Mi< araguan Minister in De< ember !

i

in nil. i I . 1 1 ntnent

i, liui nil

.,| tin i •.nun . . pn »n i nil' '

a Iik h arc in. ..ii i i. ni wnli i In .1 titudc

l hi I niti I it«

THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

citizens. . . . Thia I meat denies the delegates of the United States to the recent

right of either faction to -<i/. American vessels or j',in-Amcrican Scientific Congress at Santiago,

I;;;:1::;;,.,: ,tho ' bile. Dr. Paul Rcm-ch is professor of pol'iti-

cal science at the University of Wisconsin. Be

President Madriz at on< e despau bed a long was a delegate to the third Pan-American Con-

lelegram to President Taft protesting against gress in Rio de Janeiro in 1006. The Hon.

the attitude of the United States as unfair. Lamar G Quintero is a well-known lawyer and

journalist of Xew ( >rleans, and particularly Early last month the American conversant with Latin-American affairs. Prof. gout to Butnoi delegates to the Fourth Pan-Ameri- David Kinley, director of the school of corn- can Conference, which is to begin merce at the University of Illin uthor of it-- sessions on July 10, set sail for Buenos several works on financial and economic sub Aires. They are all gentlemen of experience, jects. Mr. John Barrett, director of the Inter- attainments in diplomacy and modern views national Bureau of American Republics, will as to the larger aspects of trade. The Hon. also attend the conference as head of that insti Henry White, chairman of the delegation, has tution, but not as a delegate. Three secre- been Ambassador of the United States to taries have been selected, the tir.-t being Prof. France and also to Italy. Col. Enoch H. William R. Shepherd, of Columbia University.

Crowder, now assistant to the Judge-Advocate- General of the United States Army, headed the commission which revised the code of the Re- public of Cuba, and is an eminent authority on

Tht Situation in EnQltind

Lord Curzon, in his speech made a few days after the funeral of the late King Edward, suggested that

Spanish language and law. Mr. Lewis Nixon, each of the two great political parties in Eng- a business man of large and varied interests, has land should nominate five of its leaders and built a number of battleships for the I'nited meet under the presidency of the speaker of the Mate-, and is an expert in international trade House of Commons for the purpose of recasting relations. Prof. John Bassett Moore, a pub- the constitution of Great Britain, with a view to licist of international fame, was First Assistant changing radically the character of the Lpper Secretary of State in 1808, Secretary and Coun- House and its relation to the other branch of sel to the Peace Commission at Paris, and agent Parliament. Several weeks later Premier of the I'nited State- before the American- Ascjuith and Mr. Balfour, the leader of the op Canadian Arbitration Tribunal in 1004. Dr. position, in a numberof private meetings agreed Bernard Moses, professor of history and politi- to commit the decision in this matter of the cal science in the University of California, was a veto power of the House of Lords to such a member of the Philippine Commission under conference. The conferree- are the Premier, President, then Judge, Taft, and one of the I.ord Crewe. Mr. Lloyd-George and Mr. Bir- > roll, reprc-enting the Gov-

ernment, and Mr. Balfour, l.ord Lansdownc, i Cawdor and Mr. Austin Chamberlain on behalf of the opposition. The meet- ings oi the conference which v. ret were be

gun on June 17.

Como'Omitt Likely

THE VETO GAME IN ENGLAND

>uVe thinking out your next i

■

From Punch i

Such a compro mise was inevit able. The Lib- erals were intent on the urgent busine-s of th< Hon. that is to -ay. the In. and the enactment into law oi such legislation as has arisen from the change of

sovereigns. Under this

head are included the pro I modification of the royal coronation oath regard-

THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD

29

ing Roman Catholic beliefs, the provision for a regency and the increase of the King's civil list. The Government, therefore, does not desire to rush matters. The Con- servatives, on the other hand, are not quite sure of the future actions of the new King. Their political agents report, almost with unanimity. that the prospects of the Liberals have im- proved since the passing of the Budget. They believe that a new dissolution of Parliament, instead of improving their own position, would result in a loss of from 20 to 50 seats. The Conservative journals, therefore, welcome the pause necessitated by the King's death, and refer to it as the "Truce of God." They in- timate further that the part in the campaign to be played by their party would be, in effect, the support of the Government " in all non-contentious legislation" including in that term future budgets on the principle of the one just adopted, with the question of the House of Lords in abeyance. Naturally the Irish Xationalists and the radical Labor men would oppose such an agreement. They arc- intent upon forcing, by parliamentary strat- the enactment into law of measures deeply concerning their own political faiths. The early days of the present month, however, should see some more or less workable com- promise agreed upon by the Government and Opposition leader-.

„ Colonel Roosevelt'- London Guild-

on hall speech praising the work of

avDt British administrators in Uganda

and the Sudan, and warning the British

•rnment against "over-senriinentality" in

delivered on May 31. The lir-t

indication of the -pirit in which the ex Presi

dent were received by official

Britain was the news that the m Office

had decided to increase the military force in

battalions of infantry and one

nent of cavalry. Only a few day- later.

State for

in the I if ( "om-

mon-, and ! that he h and ap

of Mr Roosevelt'i addre efore it

the briti-h Govern-

-ood and "did DO) Hon "

Mr Balfour, Mori, folio*

hie," KMevdt, realized more

radi< al 1 nii< 01 hia

wi-

the assassination of the Egyptian Prime Minister, Boutros Pasha, whose death, it will be remembered, was the occasion of Mr. Roosevelt's rigorous and much discussed ad- dress, last March, before the University of Cairo. Sir Edward admitted that there had been delay in punishing the murderer, an un- avoidable delay, he said. He then added:

The British occupation must continue in Egypt. It is not a question of British interests in Egypt. It is simply this: We have gone on in Egypt, doing more and more good work year after year, and we cannot now abandon Egypt without disgrace. Agitation against the British occupation can lead to but one result — to more assertion of our author- ity.

u _ u . Has Britain a right to be in Egypt,

How Britain _ _ f . ?/ " '

Came mto as Mr. Roosevelt put it, and if so, what is she doing to demonstrate that right? First of all, it will be useful to re- count how Britain got into Egypt. After the ejection of Napoleon's administrative force by the British, in 1801, Egypt remained for more than half a century a Turkish province, its political status clear, but its economic and social condition uncertain and rapidly retro- grading. French influence again became im- portant in the early fifties of the past century, and the Khedive. Said, favored the Suez Canal, which was then being built, and other French enterprises. His successor, Ismail, a brilliant, reckless man. almost ruined the country by his extravagance and borrowing. By the year .with a public debt of close on to $500,000,- 000, the country was bankrupt, and Great Britain and France stepped in on behalf of the bondholders,

A European "Commission of Con-

Quaranteeing '

Egyptian trol OV(T I.LTVptmil finance Was

Fin"nce established, and two Comptrol-

General were appointed, one by France

and one by England. In 1879 Ismail was

forced to abdicate. I'nder hi-- -on. Tcwlik, a lUS rebellion, led b) the famous Arabi

Pasha, would have hopelessly split the country had not England intervened and restored the authority of the Khedive Not participating in this intervention, Franci tin- result of

a dei ree published in mitted from the

"control," and the government wb reorgan i/.-<|. \n 1 ingli li finam ial ad> 1 01 « aa ap pointed "a ithoul •• on. urreni (- no

en " l '\ pi re

mains a tributary ttate ol the Turki li I mpire,

and tied by a Kin-dive, the present rulci

\ iba Hilmi It ba aid thai

undei the nominal

ill. III. I!

THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

SIB ' GOKST, CREA1 BRITAIN'S REPRESEN-

rATIVE IN EGYPT

autocracy of the Khedive, but the actual autocracy of Lord Cromer. The pi British agent is Sir Eldon Gorst,wfao succeeded Cromer in 1906. Six years ago the Anglo-

ich agreement recognized the status quo, the French government declaring that it would not obstruct the action of the British government in Egypt in any way whatso- ever. This agreement also simplified the handling of the Egyptian debt, provided for the raising of the necessary fund-, and may

lid to have legalized internationally Brit- ain's position in Egypt

u o ,. There can l>c no doubt that under

How Brit < ".,..,, ,. .

Ha» "Made Jsnti^h domination Egypt has greatly benefited. The system of justice has been greatly improved by the estab- lishment of courts composed equally of British and native judue-. although in the lower grade courts the weakness for delay and corruption

made the administration of justice very difficult. The British regime has been marked by the completion of many public works and the inauguration of other- It has been n

! that the finan< ial solvency of the country could be best obtained by developing it^ natural

resources through irrigation. The well-organ- ized system of irrigation by which the river Nile is made to fertilize a larger portion of the country than ever before, noteworthy features of the system being the immense dams at Assuan and A.-siut, has vastly increased the economic efficiency of Egypt Education has been organized and improved. The army has been put on a better footing, there has been considerable railroad building during the past few years, and the foreign trade of the country has Steadily bettered since British occupancy began. Half of Egypt's trade i- with Britain, the greater part of her exports being made up of the famous Egyptian cotton.

The gradual progrc— of education

Egyptian and general economic betterment

Nauonansts ^ [\nr\na fa past decade, made

inevitable the rise of the Nationalist movement. The Nationalist party, which is a growing fac- tion, demand;, a greater participation in the government. For 54 vera! years it has conducted an anti-British agitation, which has not al- ways stopped at violence. In all fairness, it may be said that, as yet. Egypt can not stand by itself. Some power mu>t guarantee its solvency to its European creditors. This is what Britain is doing. But the British author- ities have hesitated to apply severity in cases of misgovernment and violence. Kastcrn peoples are quite prone to misunderstand indecision, even if caused by the best intentions. It was this to which Mr. Roosevelt referred in his addresses on Egyptian affairs.

. „. , Almost immediately upon his re-

A Weak •

German turn to Berlin, alter attending the funeral of King Edward of Eng- land, upon which ■ 1 he made a deep impression by his kinglj dignity and the < of his physique, the German Kaiser found himself confronted by more than one serious national and personal problem. We have been recording in these pages, from month to month, the progress of that highly unpopular measure, miscalled a franchise reform bill, which Chan- cellor von Bethmann-Hollweg, in his capacity of Prussian Minister of State, some w* succeeded in getting passed through the upper house of the Diet. This measure, while it pro- I changing the present franchise qualifi- cations, still reserved many exclusive privi-

the propertied classes. It WaSVigOT-

ously and persistently opposed not only by all the radical political elements of Prussia, but also by the great mass of the people. Before and after it- passage by the upper house of the Diet, it was made the subject of vast, well-

THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD

31

ordered popular demonstrations, engineered chiefly by the Socialist party at many widely separated points throughout Germany. When the bill was introduced in the Landtag (the lower house of the Diet) it occasioned a long- drawn-out and bitter debate. On the final vote, the deputies threw out the measure, and then the Chancellor announced that the Gov- ernment had abandoned it. This failure of the Minister to earn- out a real reform measure has occasioned a great deal of adverse criticism inthepress. The Kaiser himself, moreover, is reported to have expressed himself as '"bitterly disappointed'' over the "bungling*' of his Chancellor. Dr. von Bethmann-Hollweg has not been generally successful in his policies, and reports of his early resignation were per- sistent in the German press last month.

A** t *.i While the Prussian Diet was re-

Uther Troubles ...

of the jecting the C hancellor s reform bill. the Kaiser was listening to the .-nation of Dr. Bernhard von Deraburg, the German Colonial Secretary. Dr. von Dernburg, who is a modern, progressive states- man, has always opposed the government policy of taxing the German colonies in South • Africa to pay the expenses of the war of their subjugation. But he ha> been unable to im e the Reichstag, and now. apparently, find? no alternative except resignation. He d by I)r. Friedrii h von Lindequist, formerly Und< itary. Per

socially, Kaiser Wilhelm ha- not been well during the pa-l few wed rtain blood

troubles that have made his people anxious more than once during hi-» reign have reap peared. and late last month hi? physicians re ported that severe though not serious ah i on fa and arm prevent hi> appearing

in public or following his favorite exercia borseba k riding. The birth of several royal babies during the past year in Germany has the Kaiser's purse, and he has I >iet for an in< rease in

llaton -ponded

■ million mar

'■rf •

Whi l rem h Parliament

rly autumn. Premier

the stroi

will have n

on I i. - trill in. lude

•'» nn rutin

di l: •! of w\ rn to

proportional repre • rm and the eta lion third of

It will also advocate the consolidation and protection of the State school system and pro- pose a number of labor laws, some dealing with the making of collective contracts, and others providing for the extension of a credit system for workmen. The novel provision of making one third of the members of the lower house returnable e\ery second year for a term of six- years will result in transforming the French Parliament into a continuous body. This will radically affect the future course of French politics, since the partisan character of a body thus constituted is very unlikely to be changed by a single election. Almost all the legislation in France during the past decade has given evidence of the stability of the Republic. Under the premiership of four men of such radically different personal dispositions and political inclinations as Waldeck-Rousseau, Combes, Clemenceau and Briand, uninter- rupted progress along the same lines has been evident. Far from being a revolutionary and fickle people, the French, politically and so- cially, are among the most stable of nations.

Tk* Reaction Striking evidences of the decided

in reactionary tendencies that are now,

and have been for some time, dom-

inatingin Russian politics, are furnished by two

32

THE AMERICAS REVIEW OF REVIEWS

publicly announced decisions of the imperial government at St. Petersburg. These are to complete the Russification of Finland, and to rigorously apply the anti-Jewish laws, passed more than a quarter of a century ago, by ex- pelling from Russia proper, and from all the imperial domain, except the so-called "Jewish Pale," all persons of the Hebrew race. Early in April, it will be lemembered, Czar Nicholas issued a manifesto ordering the Duma to pass a bill applying to Finland "all the laws of im- perial importance without the consent of the Finnish Diet." This measure, although un- constitutional according to the historic, legal relations between Finland and the imperial crown, was enacted into law by a substantial majority on June 10. This means the end of I tish autonomy. It is not quite clear just what has been the immediate instigation of the present wave of anti Jewish feeling. The fa< K however, as they are reported from many sections of Russia, indicate that the Jews are being expelled, in many cases with great cru- elty, from most of the Russian cities, and even from some of the so-called settlement distric ts, where, by law, Hebrews are permitted to reside unmolested. According to the St. Petersburg correspondent of the London Times, "there is no longer any doubt that the persei ution move- ment has the support of the highest and most responsible authorities."

Political changes in China since

Progress , , , , r

in the death, nearly two years ago. of

that remarkable woman, the Em- press Dowager, and her weakling son, the Em- peror, Kwangsiu, have been more radical than lias been realized in the west. A series of changes in administrative procedure were be- gun immediately upon the accession of the present infant Emperor, that is to say, upon the establishment of the regency under Prince ( 'hun. Thesechanges have been in the direction of increased participation in government by the people. Promises were made some years of the granting of a constitution and a real parliament a- SOOtJ a- certain reform* had ! fully established. Some of these reforms arc now accomplished Facts. Provincial Assem- blies have been in working order throughout the I For i \' i \n edict abolishing

slaver) tly issued from Peking.

Newspapers have multiplied until China now a daily pre— conducted with ability and dignity. Imm nse interest i- being taken in

education. I., pite ^i many setbacks and

much confu I waste the general educa

bona! status of China is unoubtedlv being steadily raise

« a.. . ^ With this improvement in modern

New Attitude r . ...

Towarat training and the acquisition of

Foreigners knowledge there is coming a

better understanding of the place of the em- pire in the modern world, and a more reason- able attitude towards foreigners. The China- man now hates the reigning Manchu dynasty more than he hates the greedy, overbearing foreigner. For years the opposition to the alien reigning family at Peking has been grow- ing, until to-day as Mr. Adachi points out on another page this month i it is the principal cause of the revolutionary movement, which, increased by oppressive economic conditions and ignorant superstition, has attained omi- nous proportions during the past few weeks. Much has been done toward making the Chinese understand western ways by the International Institute of China, a unique organization founded in 1897 by an American missionary. Dr. Gilbert Reid. The institute publish, number of periodicals in Chinese, gives courses of lectures and will, in the near future, bring out a series of modern histories of modern

tern nations designed to give the Chine proper idea of the ( )ccident. This organization is managed by a board of directors comp of equal numbers of Chinese and foreigners. Its work has the official sanction of the govern- ment at Peking.

. , . The final settlement of the much

Railroad

Finan- discussed Hankow-Szechuen Rail an° way loan was made late in May. a definite agreement being signed by representa- tives of groups of British. French. Herman and American bankers. Provision was made for a loan to the Chinese Government of $;o.ooo.ooo for railroad construction "on a basis of absolute equality between the four groups." Formal approval by th. ernment at

Peking is all that is lacking to make this effective. There may be some difficulty in securing such approval, as the provincial governments, saturated as they are by the new spirit of reform and nationalism, may refuse to authorize the ry to meet the

obligations of a new foreign loan. The Hankow-Szechuen railroad is intended to de velop the Yangtse valley. It will be 000 miles long and will tap the very heart of China. In. tin North, Russia and Japan still control tin- vast resources of Manchuria and Mongolia. despite the unwillingness of Peking and the more- or less concerted opposition oi western Europe and the United States. Immense, almost incredibly vast mineral and agricultural ri. lies await the exploiter of these ancient but as vet undeveloped regions.

RECORD OF CURRENT EVENTS

(From May 21 to June 20. iqio\

PROCEEDINGS IN CONGRESS

May 23. — The Senate passes the Naval appro- priation bill (5 1 34.000.000), providing for the con- struction of two rirst-class battleship?.

May 24. — The House adopts an amendment to the Sundry Civil appropriation bill, providing 1.000 for the work of the Tariff Board.

May 26. — In the Senate, the Cummins amend- ment to the Railroad bill, requiring approval of by the Interstate Commerce Commission, is ted. May 28. — In the Senate. Mr. Lorimer (Rep.. 111.) denies the charges of corruption in connection with his election.

June 1. — The Senate rejects amendments to the Railroad bill re enacting the commodities clause and providing for physical valuation.

June 3. — The Senate pa.-^es the Administration's Interstate Commerce (or Railroad) bill, as nded, by a vote of 50 to 12.

June 4. — The House passe? the Sundry Civil appropriation bill (>i io.ooo.odoi.

June 6. — The I! 1 bill authorizing the

:ntment of a commL-viion to investigate em- liability and workmen's compensation.

ings-

; bill h\ to [OI.

June 13. — The the Sundry Civil

bill, including therein an appropriation of 5250,000 for tl ird.

June 15. — In the Senate, the Public Land \\ itli- drawal bill i» passed. .. .The House pa bill providing new ri\il government for Porto

June 16. — The he hill granting

-I to Aria

Juj inference

lilroad bill I he House adopts

a rul< •Majority of it- membership may

Jl .1 bill or resolution from committ.

Jur. ue adopts the conference

: lilroad and Statehood bills.

; hit ion i- adopted

n ( onno (ion Rep . Ill 1 I ca a liill rcouirinf

POLITICS AND GO. AN

I

■

I . Ii'.l

BON. KK H"l \- 1 1 1NGW1 im

it \

May 31. — The I nited States Supreme Court uphold- the Interstate Commerce Commission in ordering freight-rate reductions in the Missouri and Denver rate cases; the corporation-tax cases are ordered reargued. , Increases in Western freight rate- an- halted by an injunction obtained by tin- Attorney General in the United Stuti- Di-tri(t Court at Hannibal, Mo.

June [.—Charles l>. Norton, Assistanl Seen tar\ of die Navy, i- appointed Secretary to the ident.

J u in 2 1'ilin A. Dix i- ( lio.cn ( I1.1irm.1n of the

I iciiioi im 1 k ( ommittee,

June v rhe Louisiana House approves thi < oiik endment, the Senate having rejected it.

June 4 • ional prin held

throughout Penn ylvania; Ri itivi Dal/ell

(Rep.) narrowl) 1 lefeat fot renomination.

June <> Wenti in railroad presidents, in 1 onfei

.\ 11 li IV I .ill and "tin 1 I ment

|M n. I in. mil il

pending inti bill .•• k • into

I I I til. P. Ill:

I lie S,,||l ' I

nut il lli. Inl. 1 ( .iinni' n tin in

I

■

////. I I. \ A'/. I II II <'/ REVIE\

-Ml \

nor next ■

i- renominated in the South Dakota prim G i i arroll < Rep. ) is nomii

i ion in tin I i |irim.iri( ~: < Hull (Rep.) is defeated for renomination bj S I tty, " progn ssh ■ I i « I . , i « - President

appoints William I', ("rum (a nt lina, to In- minister t<> Libei

June s ' •• ernor Hughes vetoes the primary bill passed at tii sion "I the New York

June 9 Wisconsin Republicans, in convention ,.t Milwaukee, strongly indorse President Taft's administration.

June i" Arkansas Republicans nominate An-

I Row I. in, I for ( ,o\ < i not < tries R. Heikt •■!" tin- American Sugar Refining

( '>im|>.in\ . i- com ii ted in \> \. V'ork ■! spiral > !•> defraud i » nment.

\ -|" i ill committee appointed t>> in- ■ the ma il publication ol \m York I |»>rt-

innuall) .

I'c nnsj 1\ .nii.i I >emt ominate

■" r I . \\

I'l.n-

tl sin I ». m< ■< rai \ int ion.

I in ■ the l>ill granting

i s

POLITICS AMI, GC • ■ n

Ma) 22 I Igian

distrii ombinat Liberals

t<i i.\ i rthrow the Clei i the ■ nit nt .

Ma

re defeal ol

i.il elect i

Ma) J4 An i

Ma) -,'i It i> n thai the Ma \ it h gn at It ss, bj Gi

Ma

I nited South Afi Maj 31.- i

[llli'

headed by K">>ni!i

Junt ; Juan

.1- 1 la.

June 6 Bert tar

Juw ~ '

!

Jin don

June 'i I h< 1 >ul i, 1 1 tit ed in I t \o\ erm »r-< General "i ( 'anada.

June in ^ir 1 Hardir

i

June 17 n Da Port 1

:ONAL RELATIC

May 21 mediation bj United

Argent it

M.i\ jj A In at) l>< tween the ' and <

puted coast boundar) betwt .md Maine.

Ma 3 anti-fon ..

near Chang ;ha, China.

May ^4 The Hankow a tail

I al Pai

Ma) 25 •

tsition 1 1 ami Ital) « I).

rurkish suzeraint j ■ 't (

Ma> ;t 1 1 i — annoum til .it V the mediators in tin- Ecuador-Peru i'> have

requested the withdrawal o( frontier Chinese warships and in Nanking, » here an anti

Jun< 1 1 >r Lammast h, a^ prt - Newfoundland fisheries arbitration I he I lag

I 1 uador and ' ithdraw

tin 11 troops from the common frontier it arbitration.

• v Ii is announced al Tokiothal com| hed between K -

RECORD OF CURREXT EVEXTS

55

AERONAUTICS

May 21. — Jacques de Lesseps, a Frenchman, crosses the English Channel in a monoplane. . . . .Maurice Farman, with a passenger, flies from E eauce to Etanges, France, a distance of fifty miles.

May 26. — Louis Paulhan ascends to a height estimated at 4800 feet at Verona. Italy.

May 29. — Glenn H. Curtiss flies from Albany to New York, with one stop: distance. 137 miles: time (excluding stop), 2 hours and 52 minutes.

June 2. — Charles Stewart Rolls, the British sportsman, accomplishes a flight across the English Channel and back, without stop, u^ing a Wright machine.

June 9. — Two French army officers (Lieutenant Fequant and Captain Marconnet). with a Farman biplane, fly from Chalons to Yincennes without descent; distance. 1 10 miles; time, 2 hours and 30 mini.

June 13. — Charles K. Hamilton, using a Curtiss machine, flies from New York to Philadelphia, and back, with twi distance. 172 miles; time.

3 hours and 29 minutes. .. .Walter S. Brool. inaugurates the Indianapolis aviation meet by ascending, in a Wright machine, to a height of -

June 17. — WalterS. Brookins ascends at Indian- apolis to a height of more than 4500 feet.

OTHER OCCURRENCES OF THE MONTH

May 21. — The Erie Railroad grants wage in- to conductors and trainmen amounting to about 9 per cent.

May 2 .re appointed for the

I Railways Company.

24. — The ! Education board dis-

trii I mong eight colleges and appro-

pri - 10 for agricultural demonstration

work in the South .. Twenty-four lives are in the linking of tin- British freight steamer Skrrrymore by ' nan bark in the English Char

M.i - [Ofooo,ooo Big Foor r.iil-

i» ribed in full at Pari-.

May 26 Theodon <It receives the de-

■r of Laws from Cambridge Univer-

John W. ' »,OO0 toward

li-hment of a universit) at Port Arthur.

ibmarine Plu sunk

alter 1 collision in tin I lish Channel; her

ii'l.

Ms tttleabip Smiih Carolina

rd for a v. nli 1 2-inch

I «dor<! R , ad

Idhall, London, on 1

om of t'

.< dilion.

'in London on n -.

,.f f '.

June '. !

, N . Y .

ISEVELT WITH CART. H.WS RUSEK OF Till "AUGUSTS VICTOR] \" ON THE RETURN" VOYAGE TO AMERICA

in History " (see page 100) . . .Severeearth shocks

are felt in southern Italy; .-cores of person- are killed by falling buildin

June 9. — William Cooper Procter's offer of (500,000 for a graduate college is accepted by Princeton University; Mrs. Russell Sage offers 5150,000 to complete the Sage Dormitories. ... .The corner-stone of the New York Militarj Academy's new building is laid at Cornwall-on- Hudson.

June 12.— I )a\ id J. Rankin, Jr., gh es more t han $3,000,000 to the School of Mechanical Trades, in St. Louis, which he founded.

June 13. — Thirty-two persons lose their lives when a water tank on the rooi of tin- Montreal Herald building falls through to the cellar.

June 14.— The World'-, Missionary Conference is opened at Edinburgh.

June 14 17. The destruction of life and prop- erty in Su it/erlaiiil, ( .erm.iny . an'l I lung.irv from cloudbursts and torrential rains exceeds all records; more than 600 persons are know n to have been

drow 111 d in I lungary .

June 17 10. Swollen rivers cause much prop erty lo-s in the valley. - ol Marj land. \ irginia, and Pennsj 1\ ania.

June 17. James \ Patten and seven others are indicted i>\ federal grand jurj in \cw York Citj for conspiring to monopolize the raw-cotton in dusl 1

Juoi n I.-. President Roosevelt is cnthu

York 1 il ■- "ii In- ot mi 11 from hia Airii .m and Eui >i» an trip

OHI TWAKY

Maj .'i full R< tiard, the noted I rcn< Ii drai ,0

A illi.im Phippi I'.l.i' e, 1I1. g< olo

I >ii I. in cm, 1 hi Hi. mi (irey, Earl of Stai

I rederii

• ■i Peril 1 1 |olin I'' mbrcj

/ ///. I Ml Kb I V A'AI /All "A A'/. I /All S

\N ITALI

■

t turn his

May 27. Robert Koch, the famous iolo-

gisl . .c 4.2) . I 1 ssman J< sse

I Indiana,

Ma) 28.— Page M. Baker, managing editor ol thf New Orleans Times-Democrat, 70.

May 29.- Bri| < \ rus B < omsto< k.

1 - \ retired, 79 E> Maj or'Georg< \. Hib- bard, of Boston, 44.

Maj to I hades H. rreat, formerly Treasurer of ih«- United States, 68 Sidnc) VVebst< New York, an eminent authoritj "ii internation- al law , i

I ii in- 1 Sir Fran* is Sej mour Haden, the noted lish etcher, 91 Elizabeth Blackwell, a pi- ; woman physician widely known in Ei .Hid the I 11 it < 'I

June 2 [1 eph S Harris, formerl) president ol Philadelphia & F Railroad, 74 I *■

I lin 1 1. M i. kej , ol \i braska, 64.

June ; I dward Jenkins, tin ditor

ol !• ilil ii tl pamphlel -.71 I S« hu.irt/, ol Philadelphia, |l and

■ lr.in r !

ton, .1 v. ell know n auth I William Sidnej P01 U

I \\ ( stern jui

June 7 Goldwin Smith, I n publi-

cist, fl 5ir ,tli r.

.1 distinguished British arm)

Philadelphia < lergj man, 7'

Tin. ml. of New York, .in

June 'I Sir George Newni lisher,

June 10.— Charles A Dicke) . I> I » . ol Phil phi. 1, .1 well-know n Pn -1

June l. Hermann Vezin, well known in I land .i> .111 .i> tor and 1 tion, v 1

Benjamin I Maniern inent N

N . .t k bank* t and former ( ii\

|uin 14 |ohn P Borgquist, .■ t In Mexican and C i\ il \\.u~

|un< M' |ohn Austin S Sons "t the K( \ olul i

Samuel W. Pratt, l> I ' . w» II k

1 7 1

I homaa Hitchcock, well known writei on financial m Matthew Marshall' . 7 1

V,At

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SOME CARTOONS OF THE MONTH

SHE STARTS. SHE MOVES SHE SEEMS TO FEEL THE THRILL OF LIFE. ALONG HER KEEL-

journment approaches.)

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CARTOOXS OF THE MOXTH

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gle (Broo;

A PROMISING CHIID — THK WBEAT From the H

(O, ..ilett. of California, sen/lin* the T<

nzeMitoatoftheState.il] re the

• anal Ex; r San Pra:

m the Sun (Ballirr.

IN A IIi.UT PLAC1 (T) •

■:e'l the goverm] i ■ the

From tl • nd)

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////. AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

in

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- Mr

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CiOLDWTX SMITH, 1823-1910

Idwin Smith, who died at his Toronto home on June 7 at the en, has

>ubli< i-t, n, a philanthropist, and a seer. He ml more. The

world of letters during tip ntury

n him an international fi| prizeman and esaor of \I'x !< rr; 1 ford, he

1 har; of tin- Nortli ami the

i . .

ders

1 I iri'l de< land I

the

•nto he !'•' ame an ardent - ate of a

union of Canada with the United States though there wire features in our politic that

iticized, helie^ ing thai we wee attem] to run our t withot -nun.

Idwin Smit!) represented the highest type of Knglish university culture In phi lose

tough ■ of hi deliverani 1 ted to the

I, •'Kef. ■ I

Id thai I II' and 1

in politii

•

and

und<

■ I In

v

DR. ROBERT KOCH. THE BACTERIOLOGIST (1843-1910)

In the advance "f bacteriology one of the mosi honored [>la< es is filled bj the career and at hu ments of the late Dr. Robert Koch. It w.is l d and elaborated the theories and di*

er, Pasteur and others and va ir> >\ >•<! the methods and technique ol b i mil

investigation, until this has become the verit tble science <>f preventive medicine. The career "l this eminent, t\|>i«.il German man ol began in 1866, when he graduated from the Univcrsil

Gottingen. In 1876 he succeeded in isolating the germ <>f anthi I worked owl its life hi I

Preventive inoculation, .1- .1 method, really originated with Dr. Koch, and although his tuberculin rally known .i> "Koch's lymph") >li>l not luhill < ertain popular hopes, it is .i medicinal agent "i proved vslue. Professor Ko< h's m\ « stigations and disi ovcries with regard t" the cholera ban illus and the germ of the African "sleeping Bii have been the foundation of much of >>\\r knowlcdg

these diseases and their remedies. Ili^ best known works are (titli iglish) -'<>n CI

Bact< "(>n Bad cal Invi 1," .i I Hie Investigation of Pat hog 0

- GRANVILLE tt . MOONED

A NEW PERSONALITY IN

OHIO POLITICS

\ promi in < mio

' ille \\ .

I ! I :

pub I the

: : i i ■

lo the

1 1

■

of on< of the Hou

nix. ui any pledge or promise ol i ii othei pla< es <>u i ommitti >

■ i understandings \\ ith

any . omething whi< li had

in the |>n-t eding fortj I the

thai during the lati ledsi

v. In i. ui inc. i

held the entire < onfid< n< i

i li he pi '

I

II

////. AMERICA\ REVIFM <>!■ REVIEWS

in the Mate-'- history. There had been no re- vision <>i the general statutes sin< and a commission t<> revise and codify such statutes had been at work for Over three war-, and was ready i<' report such revision for enactment into law. It contained over 13,000 sections, and each section and each line of each section, had to be carefully examined and compared with former se< tions and statutes, so that ei and possible irregularities could be det©

Speaker Mooney, with wise forethought nized and directed this work that it oughly and well done before the House red upon the general work of the session.

Th' in of ii) 10 was otherwise remark-

able in that it iplished radical reforms

in the system of taxation and in the methods by which t- < ise ta - es have been levied and col- lected. Other very important legislation was enacted. He gave the weight of his influence in favor of these reforms, and of all other wise legislation enacted, and was recognised as the wise and level-headed leader, not the l>o>-. o! the body over which he presided. His aim seemed to he solely the public welfare, and his modest and wise counsels lifted legislation above partisanship, and commanded support from members, regardless of their politics. This rapid rise has turned attention to him as one well lilted for higher political place, and

everal month- he has been considered in connection with high Mate office. An in timate friend ha- advised him that In- i- too m politic- to become a candidate for Governor, hut might properly aspire to the • >n the tiiket. that of Secretary of Mate, and he ha- been announce< ndi-

daie for that 1 Notwithstanding this,

however, many Republicans, 901 them

very prominent, think that Sj Mooney

could more nearly consolidate and command

the Republican vote of the Mate against I

ernor Harmon than any candidate yet named.

inville \Y. Mooney was horn in Russeli-

1 a County, Ohio, in [869, and is

therefore fortyn d. Hi- father

a soldier in the Civil War. and when Granville

three yeai d to Ashtabula

County. There Granville ha- resided ever

since. He grew up in die atmosphere of ideal

Republicanism which nave us Giddings and

e and (iarlield. He attended the common

schools and (.rand River Institute, at Au-tin-

5, from which he dilated in

He learned his father'- trade, that of a penter, and followed it. and while so employed entered Oberlin College, where he was gradu- ated in is,,;. After that he taught school and became president of Cr.md River Institute holding that position for seven yea

THE DISEASE-CARRYING HOCSE-FLY

in' DANIEL I). JACKSON

(Bacteriologist for the Department of Water Supply, Gas, and Electricit) "t theCit> of New York)

\ [OSES musl have had some realization of -"■ * the danger from flies, for he witnessed their dreadful ravages among the Egyptians al the time of the t aptiv ity of the Israelites. But probably even before, and » ertainh many times sin. c. have thinking people suspected the ma levolenceof this plague. It was not until ven recent years, however, thai spe< iiic evidence ha- been gathered which has convii ted the tlv of gufll beyond a doubt, and only during his re. 111! trial have the extent and enormity of his < rime- been established.

The chief spe» iallie-of the tlv are now known to he tin- transmission o\ intestinal diseases, typhoid fever, cholera, and diarrhea. It has al-o been pointed out in recent studies b) the .1 Government Board of London thai he mav very possiblj carrj tuberculosis, anthrax, diphtheria, ophthalmia, smallpox, staphylo

THE DISEASE-CARRYING HOUSE-FLY

45

cus infection, swine fever, tropical sore, and the eggs of parasitic worms.

Hence the vigorous campaign now bein^ carried on against the house-fly by civic asso- ciations and health hoards throughout the country. In many cities placards have been posted warning the people in terse text and graphic pictures of the danger from flies, and giving rides for protection against them; lectures on the subject are also being widely given, and even that new popular fad, the moving-picture show, has been brought into service to educate the public to the dangers of the in used don:- is the house-fly is

scientifically termed, or, as Dr. L. ( .). Howard .ptly named it, the "typhoid fly." Over er cent, of the flies that visit our bonus and surroundings belong to this rous

.IONS Ol M\ ON \ SING1 E FLY

The form and character of the fly's body is

particularly adapted for carrying the infec-

material, and as it breeds in fecal matter

almo-t exclusively and at the rate of thousands

individual fly, the consequent facility

of dis< germs is

apparent.

riment, t aptured fli< ly < leaned and then allowed to walk 1 material. They were again amined and the material which they carried analyzed. In one instance, a fly captured on

York, !a>t summer was

from 250 to 6,600.000. This becomes

even more startling when one considers how rapidly this insect multiplies. It is estimated that one fly laying 120 eggs at a time will have a progeny mounting up to the sext:'1 >ns at the end of the season.

. -

We are spending consider:. ne and

money in a war on mosquitoes. The malaria reported in Greater New Y rk in 1905 were but 359 and the deaths only

Much more to be feared i- ommon

house-fly. This so-called harmless insed is of the ( hief sources of infection, v hich in V •. York City causes annually about 650 deaths from typhoid fever and about 7000 deaths yearly from other intestinal diseases. The statistics in practically all Ameri in cities and in many foreign ( ities, too, for I it mi

show a marked ri-c in the number of deaths from typhoid fever and intestin dur-

ing the fly season.

In < ities where flies are the

ina ! epidemics the other seaso - of the show ( omparative freedoi v, bile in < ities where wat< 1 nilk epi

demii pidemi< - m r at any

on of the year. The mill 1 often 1.1I e plat e d>r of the info tion of 1 il ■1 or in the lo< al mill • The danger to health

!: but <•■■ en if

I 1 a red for pari of I

'•

ihe

1

U,

I III A ULRICA \ REVIEW <>J- REVIEWS

I IM. l'LAl I

light oj recent knowledge the //v is more dan- gerous than the tiger or the cobra. Worse

than that. Ik- i-. at least in our climate, miH h more to In- Feared than the mosquito, and may easily he classed, the world over, as the most

dangerous animal on earth.

mothers. How few parents realize that were it not lor the fly the child's >o ond summer would he no more to he feared than his second winter. The very high death rate of children from diarrheal di- abruptly rises and

falls with the prevalence of flies. This great mortality anions young children from diarrhea and enteritis causes a greater decrease in the human span of life than does any oilier pre- ventable d

•Governor Hughes has aptly said th most valuable natural rexmrce is our chil- dren." When we consider that the fly i- chief disseminator of the di > whk h chil-

dren are most susceptible, and which heads li-t of preventable! a th, the i

for a relentless warfare upon this donii i- apparent.

It i^ conservative to estimate that the dis- eases transmitted through the agency of the house fly cut short the aver n of hui

life in the United States by at least two years. (Insurance companies take notice.) During a generation this means a loss of 170,000,000 hu- man lives, or 4.000.000 lives of the prc>ent aver- age length, or a money I - 000,000,000.

FLIES Kill MORI TH \\ BtTl I I TS

B \i:\ S I'l VDLIES1 I s : \i\

The fly which you remove from your milk pitcher may or may not have had a life history connected with all or any of the diseases named at the beginning of this article; hut de- pend upon it. he has been wallowing in filth before he took his milk hath. The falling of infected tlies into milk on the farms or in the dairies has made possible many a local epidemic of typhoid fever. This same propensity of tin- fly for milk baths has made the child's "se ond summer" a thine to be dreaded bv all

S*

Enormous a> these figures seem they are only a part of the story. We have not figured the cost of the sickness produced by the flies. The pay of the den tor. the nurse, and the dn.. have not been reckoned, nor has the k>s time through illness been considered. The Spanish War taught u> what a powerful agent of death the By could l>e when o|>en latrines were accessible to tlies for it has esti-

mated that out of noj deaths in the Spanish- American War, 1924 : from typhoid fe\ er communicated by flies. The large numl>er of deaths caused 1>\ unsanitar* conditions in

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IHI DIM VSKCARHMNC, ■•R.VIIVt tK(WI THI l>(. \I> I l>H TO THK IJVI H VR^

THE DISEASE-CARRY I NG HOUSE-FLY

;

military life has thus led to a more careful study of similar conditions in civil life, result- ing in the discover}' that accumulations of filth in open city lots, alleys, and about school sinks, as well as in exposed country outhouses, is the source of typhoid fever, and of intestinal diseases of children through the agency of the fly. The chief health officer of one of our largest South-

-\ V .

em i ities re< truly informed me that he

ied that 90 per cent, of the 1 typhoid ntracted in hi- 1 ity had been

eral specific instances of fly infection have been investigated where tire -eat of I lie 'ion wa< an un- : patient or a \.

In such in-

stances the source of infection . >wn 1 v

the actual isolation of the bacillus of tvphoid fever directly from the flies.

HOW FLITS CARRY T\T

In South Orange. X. J., a numb-/ E ca><. - typhoid fever occurred which seemed to radiate from one point. The original ..!-r occurred at this point, and the flies were :" md to be traveling in and out of the open and un- screened windows in large numbers. A cage was placed in the room and the specific nerms of typhoid fever isolated from 1 number of these flies. There is no quesl vhatever as to the source of the second -

-

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there i- also no question bul thai nii'Jit nave been prevented had p

and disinfection been origin a imployed. In \i . ,^ ork ( "ity over one hund typhoid fever occurred almost witl limits

of one Ii1(m k. This blcn k lei t( m

ment, with the proper plumbinj 1 to date

sanitation, but close to the block ere two stables one in filthy < ondition op< n

• a< li at the l>< ginning of tl taining many accumulation tionable

un h of v.hii li harbored r I i

and ■ if ihe

on 1 1 it* d of adjoining jhop 1 . ttention of the health di il

. ailed u ndition of afl : il

exposed

I

IS

////. AMERICAN REVIEW <>/ REVIEWS

death's mm

NIP HIM IN THE BUD

CLEAN UP THE NEIGHBORHOOD

Typhoid Fever. Dipttiena, Scarlet Fever Cholera - Infantum and Consumption May be earned to Tour Home by the FLY. if lour Neighbor is CARELESS !

FUES Breed in FILTH, Live on FILTH, and are Evidence of Neglected Filth in the Neighborhood CLEAN UP THE NEIGHBORHOOD !

DESTROY TV

r»HOTECT YOUR FAMILY

Don't Allow Flies in Your House Screen and Poison.

Don't Permit them Near Your Food Especially Milk

Don't Buy Food from a Merchant Who Tolerates Flies Don't Allow a Breeding Place for Flies on Your Premises. THIS MEANS Uncared-for Manure Piles. Horse Stables. Garbage Barrels and Privies. Keep Your OWN Garbage Cans Screened and Disinfected. YOUR Stable Manure in Fly-Tight Receptacles, and If Necessary Apply to Police for Protection from Your Neighbor's Carelessness

A i ', :■: in i i \ rn- :

t!u' epidemic bad ceased. The department, still believing that the probable source of the epidemic was water or possibly milk, did not disinfei t the open lots. SO far as COuW l>e learned, and the epidemic continued through- out the fly season.

[nasmui h a- the milk supplied to (his don was the same as in several oilier sections of the borough where little or no typhoid o< i urred. and. also, inasmuch as the water was from precisel) the same soun e as in the rest of the borough w here the condition-, were normal, it seems almosl incredible that any other source of infection than flies could have !>een even considered. A canvass of the neighborhood showed that the people were all boiling their drinking water, and most of them boiling their milk, but that none of them had been in any way instrui ted to guard against flies.

The Merchants' Association of New York, in a vigorous i ampaign against the house-fly, has gathered a large body of convim ing testimony from physicians and health boards all the i ountr) . ( iting spo ifu instant es, a- to the din-i t transmission of dangerous diseases l>\ means ^\ house fli<

now in ncii r mi fi.v

What are we going t<> do about it? Are we

L;oin<j to wake up to the fact that all thk and shall he stopped? With a full realisation of what it means we should certainly take t are of our own nuisam es and see that our neighbor does the same.

In hospitals and at home Hies should be kept away from the -pen tally those ill with

i ontagious disea

W e should abolish open privic- and properly dispo rroducts.

Our sanitary inspectors in cities should be instructed first to disinfect and then remove all exposed filth wherever found.

Stable manure should t>e» thoroughly *-< reened or kept in tight, dark receptacles and removed at regular interval-.

rvs should lie passed in all our State- they have Keen recently passed in several, requiring the thorough screening. of all public kitchens, restaurants and dining-room-. All food — particularly that which i- eaten un- cooked, exposed for sale during the fly season should be si reened. The same i are should be taken with all food in the home, hi ler> who allow their food products to be exposed to flies should he carefully avoided.

By rigorously following these precautions much can he done toward removing the ion ditions which breed the house-fly, thus helping materially in the extermination of one of the most dangerous pests in the world

RULES FOR DEALING WITH THE FLY NUISANCE

keep the flies away from tmi sic*. especially tmosi ill with contagious diseases hill every fly that strays into the sick boom his body is covereo with oisease germs

do not allow decaying material or any sort to

ACCUMULATE ON OR NEAR YOUR PREMISES

ALL REFUSE WHICH TENDS IN ANY WAY TO FERMENTATION. SUCH AS SCDOING STRAW. PAPER WASTE AND VEGETABLE MATTER SHOULD BE DISPOSED OF OR COVERED WITH LIME OR KEROSENE OIL

SCREEN ALL FOOO

KEEP ALL RECEPTACLES FOR GARBAGE CAREFULLY COV ERED AND THE CANS CLEANED OR SPRINKLED WITH OIL OR LIME

KEEP ALL STABLE MANURE IN VAULT OR PIT. SCREENEO OR SPRINKLED WITH LIME. OIL OR OTHER CHEAP PREPARA. TION

SEE THAT YOUR SEWAGE SYSTEM IS IN GOOD ORDER. THAT IT DOES NOT LEAR, IS UP TO DATE AND NOT EXPOSED TO FLIES.

POUR KEROSENE INTO THE DRAINS

COVER FOOO AFTER A MEAL BURN OR BURY ALL TABLE REFUSE

SCREEN ALL FOOO EXPOSED FOR SALE

SCREEN ALL WINDOWS AND DOOMS. ESPECIALLY THE KITCHEN ANO DINING ROOM

BURN PYRITHRUM POWDER IN THE HOUSE TO HILL THE FUES

OOnr FORGET IF YOU SEE FLIES. THEIR BREEDING PLACE IS IN NEARBY FILTH IT MAY BE BEHIND THE DOOR. UNOER THE TABLE OR IN TMI CUSPIDOR

IF THERE IS NO OIRT ANO FILTH THERE WILL BE NO FLICS

IF THERE IS A NUISANCE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD WRITE AT ONCE TO THE HEALTH DEPARTMENT

The Merchants' Assuutm's

the Whets tt New Yerk

A TYPICAL FISHING STATION ON THE NEWFOUNDLAND COAST

WHAT THE RAILROADS ARE DOING TO OPEN UP NEWFOUNDLAND

BY HON. MR EDWARD MORRIS, K.C., L.L.D.

Prune Minister of Newfoundland)

n AILROAD building in Newfoundland had

IX »irth in the year iStto, when the lir>t

lation wa- introduced for the pur|><.

in^ road-, in that i>land. Like >imilar enterpri-e- in other countries, it had its mis fortune^, and after al>out eighty miles was ruiied the < ompany broke down. This pioneer railway < ompany irai an Ameri< .in i or ion known a- the Blackmail Mndi

Lbe money was found by British < apitalists,

! Bel Itv mill-, had been I on In I n additional brant h line

• • • Plai entia, the fii< h t

•

I:.

< rn

..

road

PROSPERITY FOLLOWS THE BAILS

This road, beginning at St. John's, touches nearly all the important settlements on the north and west I oast of Newfoundland. Along its whole line of six hundred mile--, industry after industry i> sprin^in^ up. When the rail way was built there was hardly a human hahi tation in Newfoundland five miles from tin l £>asl Some idea of the ( harai ter of the < unn try may he had when it is known that t i 1 i ^ island, lar-M-r than Ireland; possessed it ^ whole primeval forests and minerals up to that time prai ii< ally undeveloped and unexplored

i you • ould i "Hiii on

the number of Lourisl i iting

dland from abroad To daj there

an- •■ n thousand, print ipallj from the

United States, who visit the island annually.

I 1 1 1 ■ i : I |/ I |< I 1 1 .

'I DC under: II. md < ...\

ernmenl to < on irru< i ' t hi roi(

polii j . in that i"i •< H ii . ould n"i be ex

50

////. AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

pected to pay for its operation. The govern merit was fortunate, however, in -e< uring at the close of it> construction ;i contractor, in t he person of the late sir Robert Reid, of Mod treal, who undertook to operate the road for fift) years without any cost to the Colony, save

1 HI I. ATE SIR Kill. I I I Kill)

a land grant of the thousand at res per mile of railway taken in alternate blocks along the line. That was in [898, and since then industries ha\e multiplied through the country.

In addition to the operation of the road, the Newfoundland Government entered into an agreement with Sir Robert Reid for the ion Struction and operation of nine steamers ply in tin' various bays of Newfoundland on tin- north, south, and west < oasts of the island that are t ippe I hy the r ilway, another steamer to ply on the Labrador coast, and another across the Cabol Strait, the water- of which divide Cape Breton from Newfoundland. Ml thi-M st< imers are of a first class type and st from twelve to sixteen Knot- an h • tr These

-learner- all a< t a- to the railway.

GROM i ■■ • •: \n ti-

lt i e ih it in SO short a

-p... i " 11 of this road and

- developed the large indus tr\ now tarried on by them. Last year nearly a million dollar- was re. eived from freight and

passengers the steamer Bruce, running from Port au Basque, the terminus of the railway, to Sydney, having carried twenty five thousand • tigers. This i- probably as many passea gers a- \'.ere 1 arried by any pa- mer

in Canada engaged in similar work. What make- this route attractive to American trav eler- and tourists is that the BruceisonY hour- iving New York and the

sweltering heat behind in June. July, and August, the passenger is on the deck of the Jinn 1 at North Sydney forty hour- after 1 ing. si\ hours at sea in the Brm < (which, in point of fitting up, -peed, and comfort, from the standpoint of the jers, i- a little

Lusiiania in her wav 1. one lias hardly time to

rttled after coming on hoard it may he. have a little lunch, a gi me of bridge, or a ■ with the officers when Port the

railway terminus of tin \ oundland Rail-

i- in sight. The tourist, the fisherman, the sportsman, the health seeker, the hunter, or the tra may take his choice along this whole lit railway for the -put where he is to pass his sum- mer holiday. Every mile of die road has it- own special attraction. An hour from Port au Basque and you are at a salmon pool. Here the fisherman, like Selkirk, if he desires

i- monarch of all he surveys, and will find (unlike Selkirk) all the charms in that solitude which sages have seen in it

At Little River, thirty miles from Port Basque on the line of railv era! ho

little hotel-, are situated where the traveler is carefully looked after, the very West of food pro- vided, and a comfortable bed. These h< are but a few minute-' walk from the railway station, and not a hundred yards from a sal- mon pool. Thousands of American tourists are brought here every year, and these people

unl hunt between Port au Basque and Howley, a station a little beyond Grand Lake, reached in about -i\ hours by rail from Codroy.

till 1 l-i;l rvl

All along this western e the Vmer

tourist and traveler will find mm h to inti him territorially and politically. I very mileof

it i- included. x> the Americans say, in the IH> erty iziven them to fish under the Treat

rhe Newfoundland Government, how- ever. . laims that under the Treat) • lion ( »ne. inhabitants of the United Mate- are only allowed to come to the coast that is. the outer coast- and that the tr- ity doe- not them the liberty K> come into he bays, the har- bors or the ■ reeks. Of course they have no

HOW THE RAILROADS ARE OPENING UP NEWFOUNDLAND

51

rights whatever on the shore, nor have they ever asserted any rights to the rivers. They are not even allowed to land. The Newfound- land Government claims that the distinction was drawn in the framing of the treat}" between the concession given to the inhabitants of the United States on the Newfoundland coast and that given to them on the Labrador coast.

Other questions, such as the right to make laws to regulate the fisheries, the right to pay light dues, the right to enter at the custom house, and other minor points arise in relation to this question; but this will be sufficient to suggest to the tourist — the American tourist interested in this country — that here is a part of the world in which he may combine health and pleasure with great historical interest. For instance, along the railway from Port au Basque to Ilowley he will pass through all the scenes which are now familiar to American citizens, and which have formed the subject of correspondence of late years in relation to the Bay of Islands Herring Fishery. This is really the only fishery prosecuted by the Americans under the Treaty of 1-8 18, and although there is abundance of cod, lobster, halibut, smelts, and whales along this whole coast, Americans have never fished for them. Thev come to New-

foundland in October and fish for herring up until the month of January. Over two hun- dred and fifty thousand barrels of herring are taken out of Bay of Islands, Bonne Bay, and Bay St. George every year by American schooners. Something like one hundred sail of schooners come down from Gloucester and other New England ports, and take away a load of herring to their respective homes. Here the herring are smoked or salted and cured in vari- ous ways for the American and Canadian mar- kets. Over fifteen hundred American fishermen take part in this industry, and for the working out of the industry they very often avail them- selves of the Newfoundland Railway.

Until 1905 hardly any dispute had arisen in relation to the taking of these herring by Ameri- can fishermen. But in that year the New- foundland legislature enacted certain laws, the enforcement of which to some extent has brought about the arbitration to be held at The Hague this summer, to determine the right of Americans in relation to the Treaty of 18 iS.

CLIMATIC ADVANTAGES

Apart from the fishery interests along this piece of the Newfoundland Railway, this sec

^§_

54

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ATLAMTIG OCEAN ft

ST JOHKi

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'<( Hi KM

52 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

tion of the country is destined one day, and in whose head Lord Northcliffe is— exported for the very near future, t<> l>e the home of great the first time from Newfoundland paper and industrial operations, embnu ing the quarrying pulp. They have over three thousand square of marble, slate, and gypsum, the manufacture miles of timber area at Grand I'alL, a few of paper and pulp, a great fishing development, hours' run from Bay of Islands, and today the and the centre of a great tourist traffic. The paper upon which the London Times and whole of the Codroy Valley — what is known as Daily Mail are published is made at Grand •The Rivers" is a great human dock where Falls, Newfoundland. Their territory is the men and women come year after year to build Red Indian Lake country. Red Indian 1 up, recuperate, and l>e reclassedL Those who is thirty-seven miles long and there is a mag- work in the great cities, who live the strenuous nificent belt of wood all around it. and life, who are fagged and jaded and worn out, whole region is unequalled in any part of come lure ;.ear after year and drink in the world.

health-giving air. which in a short time re-top \ re. ent writer on the Newfoundland p.

nature and restart- them again. The records industry summarized the realms why the

of the restorations that have taken place Harmsworth Company came to Newfoundland

here are truly marvelous. There is something as folio

in the air. something in the -. enery, that gives r. v , „ .,

, , 11 i-i i rir-t, .Newfoundland s c<>mparati\ c proxmutv m

back tone and vigor and strength with a rapid- tiu. HritNl IsieS| Newfoundland being not more

ity unknown in any other clime. Fog or cold than 1700 miles from Ireland, while th«

is unknown here from April to December. The American or Canadian centre which could l>e

temperature for the summer months will aver- ch«e°I f"r \W' m'"mlj,',"rV'( .'ull' ami l,J^r

1 . ii] would be at least l.soo miles further w<

age about 65, rarely going over 80, and seldom ond tlu. ])(i„iu iIit> irea in New.

under -o beautiful warm, bright, sunshiny foundland far more extensive and better timbered

days, with pleasant, cool evenings. This is the th'"' -ire now to be secured on the \\ est* rn Conri-

land for an outing, because it combines every- ne25". , ,, , • f ,, • .

. Ihird. the opportunity ol obtainu 1 ;ion

thuigthat makes an outing pleasant. You can of a character to effectively safeguard such areas

travel by the railway from settlement to settle .1- compared with the facilities obtainable in more

menu you can go for an hour, or for two hours populated countries, as laws which would caus

or three hour-. You can get on and get off ln>"? 'n V" f\'l»'(1!-»1(i «;»V'f ."^rM< \y«Y det""

mentally in regions more thickly populated.

when you like. You can get accommodation Fourth, that cheaper, though equally efficient,

in the farm houses and little hotels all along the labor could l»e obtained in New foundland than is

line. You can gel a good dean bed, lots of obtomable in Canada or the United States

1 1 c 1 1, ,- ,- 1 _ ,., 1 Hfth, the tact which previous experiments I

re- 1 air. trood food, p entv 01 ire-n mutton and , 111

. ' -.. demonstrated and the practical manufacture has

lamb, fresh butter, beautiful roll-, coffee, tea. now pr,,Xl.d, that the Black Sprue- of Newfound- fresh cod. fresh tod tongues, and fresh salmon land has no superior in the making of pul|

and trout every day out of the pool-, and all P-'Pf", and that a cord of it will produce

.if in' 1 1, ,i." , 1... ;., 1., i;„ . eighth more paper than the spruce ol the Anurii an

this lor a dollar and a halt a day, including Continent

lodging. th, that timber can be secured more cheaply,

logging done more rapidh; and economically, and

PAPER wi» PULP INDUSTRIES ,m' w**ole operation of converting forest growth

into pulp and paper carried on much m

. vantageously in Newfoundland than elsewl Then to the spe< ulator. the man who desil

to invest his money with certainty iA good re- The railway may be said to be the father of

turn-: great areas of primeval forest stand this enterprise. If the railway had not ]■■

waiting for the axeman and the pulp and paper trated through the interior we could have had

mills to make his fortune. Mountain- oi mar no pulp mill at Grand Falls, and the four mil-

psum and -Lite are lure, marble as lions dollars' worth o\ paper which will be

fine as any from Cararra, and slates quite equal shipped by the Harm-worths to England this

nything ever produced from the Penryn year will all be drawn over a portion of the

TV. Newfoundland Railway. Today it is

\ Welsh syndicate is just beginning opera- hauled on the Newfoundland Railway from the

lions it the mouth of the Humbet & paper mills of Grand Fails to the terminus of

Islands, on a marble and sl.de quarry, and an the railway at St. John'-. Newfoundland: and

American company has practically concluded from there the paper is shipped by the Fun

•nation- for the pun 1 timber area and All. ndon.

which will be the site of a large paper mill. Only ten miles further down the Exploits

Ii was onlj this year thai the Harm-worth River, on which the works of the Harm-worths

Company the great London Synd ire built, the Albert Reed Company of London

HOW THE RAILROADS ARE OPEXIXG UP XEWFOUXDLAXD

53

THE BELLE ISLAND MINE. NEWFOUNDLAND

■ also constructing it- paper mill-. This com- pany will also ship largely over the Newfound- land Railway, and it is not unlikely that within the very near future a branch line of railway may l>e built by these two companies to deal entirely with the carriage of their pulp and paper; v> rapidly is this industry likely to lop. The history of the Newfoundland Railway is like the history of all other railways. What d of the Canadian Pacific, the great Canadian line wnicfa spans the continent from \tlantic to the P » of the

loundland Railway — that it would i !'»r th<- axle pease The pioi the

found land Railway had to meet all the ob- and all the difficulties which lie in the ill who are in advance of their til Hut iiuation Not alone is

than fulfilling it-. filiation, but th' of the country, the de

i for more rail '' late session of tin- legislature in introduc lion of a n

ill be i Bonne

' will co

of develop the

great forest areas owned by the Reed .New- foundland Company, 2.000 square miles. These areas or tracts have never yet heard the sound of the lumberman's axe, and they con- stitute an ideal pulp and paper territory in every respect. Grand Lake Itself is fifty-six miles long, an inland sea, with an island in its center thirty miles long, and is open all the year round. It is possible to bring booms of pulp wood to the paper mill every day, while the cutting of the extensive area within tin's /one i an be continued indefinitely without even any special method of reforesting, so well led is the I OUntry and so strong the growth. A splendid water power, known as function Brook, will generate the power which will be • operate tlii- pulp and paper in dustry. Here in a very short timealarge settle ment will spring up giving labor to thousands, and creating freight and traffic fai more than t ti i -. brant h line will be 1 apablc ol handling.

PETROLEUM r I ELDS

\t the other end of the Iii.iiii h 1 nil ited Bonne Ba) one oi the ettlemenl on the Am. M< .in treat) hor< Thi 1 the home oi the petroleurn or oil field ol Newfoundland Only recentl) an l ngli ii corporation, known

54

////•: AMERICAN REVIEW oh REVIEWS

AN OUTLOOK OF THE HARBOR OF ST JOHNS. AS SEEN FROM THE CITY

as tin- Newfoundland oil Fields, Ltd., which recently acquired large areas of oil in this coun- try, was Boated in London for a million dollars, which was subscribed three times over.-

The Newfoundland Legislature has agreed to grant this company free entry for machinery and equipment, and to undertake the imposi- tion of a duty on imported petroleum, as soon as the local deposits can supply enough for the domestic needs at prices as low as the foreign artii le is offered. This mean- an assured mar- ket,worth probablya half-million dollars a year. The prospects of the su< cessful development of the Newfoundland petroleum are further in- creased by the Fad thai the British Admiralty has recently decided upon the extensive useof oil fuel in the navy, and is desirous of securing petroleum supplies within the empire.

While in London las! summer, representing Newfoundland al the Imperial Defense Con- ference, I had the advantage of discussing the whole question \\ ith the Admiralty, that is the utilization of Newfoundland's petroleum areas,

and I received the assurance that every en- couragement would be given toward the devel- opment of those oil fields. This industry will serve as a great feeder to the railway branch already referred to Another branch will run from St. John's to Trepassey Dear Cape Kate.

the point on the south coast of Newfoundland where all the large ships running between the United States. Canada, and England pas- with- in signalling distance nearly every day. What the future may have in store for this branch, apart from its local developing advanti would be impossible here to foretell; but with the advance of the aeroplane, the development of wireless telegraphy. — a station at (ape R as-i-ts in furnishing the daily bulletins for the morning paper published on the Mauritania and I.iisitania, — it is quite conceivable- and not at all impossible - that passengers may land at this terminus within the next decade from the decks of the great liners and continue their journey to New York over the Newfoundland

Railway, reducing the sea voyage tw>> days a\m\ the time spent on the passage to New York at

least twenty four hours.

The other three branches will go through mineral and timber country, and not alone serve as industrial development - but as

feeders to the general railway system oi N

foundland.

nil s\,!Wv, \N|, , NEWFOI NW U*D

1 have been amused when in New York by being asked the question bow we

HOW THE RAILROADS ARE OPEXIXG UP XEWFOUXDLAXD

55

managed our railways in the winter season in New- foundland ? Your readers. I have no doubt, will be sur- prised to learn that our rail- way across country ( and all its branches: was operated the past winter on schedule time. I came over the road on the 18th of last April, on my way to Xew York. There wasn't a sign of snow along the whole railway line, and only once or twice during the late winter was a snow- plough used. At St. John', the capital of Newfound- land, we usually have snow after Christmas and up to the end of March, but we rarelv average more than one snowfall a week for the three months. Sometimes a whole month will pass without a snowstorm, winter from Christmas till April we had one week's sleighing, and carriages were used •ad of sleighs all over the country. There is also a misconception about the fog. We have very little fog in Newfoundland; but the un- fortunate thing about it is that we are identified with the fog because the fog happens to be out on what is called the ''Banks of Newfound- land." These banks are situated 200 miles from the coa-t of Newfoundland, and it is as unjust to identify Newfoundland with that fog

A DAYS CATCH OFF THE NEWFOUNDLAND COAST

as it would be to identify her with the frost and snow of the far northern Labrador and Green- land, which lie thousands of miles away. The very best proof that the railway is a paying con- cern in Newfoundland as an industrial agent is that the Reid Newfoundland Company, operating the main trunk railway across the country, ha> made a contract with the New- foundland Government to operate these new branches for forty years without any cash sub- sidy, and merely for grants of land of 5,000 acre> for each mile of railway built.

till OKI M ( ' >1>I" r, VAI I I .

CANCER AS KNOWN TO-DAY

BY ISAAC LEVIN, M.l).

< M the Department <>( Pathology, Columbia University)

TpHE history of human cancer is probably The development of the complex multicellu-

* as old as the history of the human race. Lar organism also begins from one cell, the

The famous" Papyrus Ebers" of the Egyptians or the so-called germ cell. This cell divides

and the writings of Hippocrates contain de- itself into two. each of them in its turn again

scriptions of the disease. The early theories of into two, thus forming four cells and so pro.

the nature of cancer, as all early notions of ing in geometrical progression. In the early

medicine and natural science, were based on stages of the formation of an organism, in the

abstract -peculation, and not supported by "embryo," all cells have the same form and

actual fa< ts. The abnormal growth, the tumor character, hut subsequently they arrange them-

itself, which is the principal manifestation of the selves into three layers of cells, called ^rrw-

disease, was considered as something foreign layers. At this stage of development i

to the organism, something that attached it-elf of the growing organism (foetus) i- differenti-

tO it from without, as fundus to a tr< ated and begins to perform its own spe

The first great step towards a rational ex- function. The function of proliferation still tation of the nature of the disease was made persists in each cell. Each germ-layer forms not more than seventy years ago. li t definite tis-ucs and organs until the develop- was demonstrated by Schleiden for plants and ment of the organism is completed and the -non after by Schwann for animals, that the foetus i- transformed into an adult organism. tissues of the body in higher form- of life, the In the adult the majority of the body cell- pre skin, the brain, the blood, etc.. are composed serve only a limited capacity for propagation, of structural units, known as cdls. By a cell but all have acquired definite functions. Tin- is meant a minute mass of living substance, function of reproduction at this stage i- V< which in size appears under the micro-cope to in the i^erm cell, and its pr< itinue- lobe be only a small fraction of an inch, and is actu- one of cell division. Thus the protoplasm of ally a few hundred or. even a thousand times the germ cell preserves its continuity and it- smaller. This microscopical unit of living immortality.

matter, or protoplasm, usually contains within In mature life a perceptible new formation

itself a round body, the nucleus. This unit may of cells takes place only under unusual con

< i as an independent organism, capable of ditions. as a reaction to injury or disease

digestion, locomotion, and reproduction. The When a part of the body is lost, restitution takes

-i forms of life, the so-called protozoa, con- place through the intensified power of prolifera-

sisl of only one cell. In the higher forms, the tion of the body cells, stimulated by the injury.

.'</, the body con-i-t- of a multitude of In lower animals such a regeneration may be

such cells associated in one organic whole. perfect; for instance, a dissected tail of an

Another fundamental law of the cell theory earthworm may be fully rehabilitated. Hut in was enunciated by Yirchow in 1859, namely, highly developed organisms, such regenerative that no cell can be originated from lifeless power is very imperfect, and lost tissue is seldom matter, but that it must be born by a parent restored. Generally only a scar is left in place cell. In a unicellular organism-protozoan the of the original structure. The same holds true process of reproduction is accomplished by the for the cell regeneration which take- plat division of the body of the parent cell into various diseases. This regeneration or two perfectlj equal cell-. In order to insure stricted propagation usually after 1 the equality of distribution of all the charac- certain time either with the formation o\ a teristics of the parent to both daughter cell-, or in some oilier manner and is consequently the nucleus undei ies of changes, limited in its extent sionally such a pro- preliminary to the actual division. lifcr.ttion of cells takes place without apparent

This pi if reproduction is the most ob- need to the organism, and the superfluous n

vious and striking demonstration of the im lis then forms a tumor. If after a time a

mortality of the primeval organism, since the propagation oi the- tumor cells is arrested, the

parent passes out of existence only through tumor is called benign, harmless. Under other

division into ofl conditions the cells of a tumor persist in their

CAXCER AS KNOWN TO-DAY

57

proliferation unrestrictedly, until the new- growth renders the normal function of the organism impossible and ultimately leads to death. A tumor with such unlimited power of growth is called malignant, or cancer.

The causes which change a normal cell into a cancerous are not yet well known and maybe due to external or internal irritants, or even to a parasite. However, modern research has definitely established that the harmful effect of cancer and the symptoms of the disease are brought about not by the original injury that gave rise to the growth, but by the unrestricted growth of the cancer cells.

DISTRIBUTION OF CANCER

All these considerations make it extremely probable that cancer may occur in any multi- cellular organism. Indeed recent observations have shown that cancer occurs in every species of vertebrate animals. And even in lower ani- mals tumors have been discovered, as, for in- stance, in fresh-water mussels and oysters. Plants also seem occasionally to develop abnor- mal growths, similar in structure and behavior limal cancer. The frequency of the oc- currence of cancer in the different species of the animal kingdom varies to a great extent. It i- of interest to note that the disease occurs more frequently in domesticated animals than in wild species. Thus it was found in England that 2.8 in iooo of slaughtered cattle showed the presence of some form of malignant tumors. while on the other hand in the Zoological Gar- den of Netl Y.-rk, out of 2647 wild animals, only one case of malignant tumor (in a wild found during a period of five rs. The same great difference in the frequency of the occur: < <r i- noted among the

rent human ra< • I his matter was the

subject of a special in. on instituted by

I and of ( 'o-

lumbia University, The colonial

p<»s<-^ion- of the I'nited 5l ites, consisting as

.|o of 1 mparativelv

small din it then ily to the

distribution tnong

I

•, ih< 1 1 1

:.. Porto I' • I 1 / Indians

incd I he

I port

of lh

184. The entire population is confined within reservations under control either of govern- ment agents or of superintendents of Indian schools. In each reservation or agency there also resides a government physician. There are in ali 130 physicians thus employed by the office of Indian Affairs of the Department of

i I ! SHOWS 1 III Ml 1 I I'! •. I I'll ,-l 5 01 I III ( HAM. I s \\ UK II ] \KI. I'l Ml l\ I III

I I '

Interior. With the aid of these ph) »i< iana - c obtained from a population oi 1 Indi "I ol twenrj

■ 1 « ni > nil

' I are undei the

THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

l [I 1 GGS 01 IS< VMS I ROUND

[NTESTIN \I WOl

( i) Germ cell — nu>

division l cells.

<h of thi tin divided into two. forming

four !

Microphol <lirect photoviraph of amir

■ urn of Columbia University. Department of Anatomy

supervision of the agency physicians, so that the disease could not have been overlooked in any i ase. Thus it i> justifiable to assert that cancer is of rare occurrence among the American In- dian-. The investigation did not reveal any difference in the longevity between American Indian- and their white neighbors. Conse- quently this infrequenc) of cancer cannot be accounted for on the assumption that the In- dian- do not reach the cancer age.

The cause of the rare occurrence of earner in primitive ran'- i- to be found in the racial characteristics, which comprise not only the ethnological differences in the structure of the body, hut also differences of environment and modi- of life. Apparently it is modern civiliza- tion and the conditions created by it wlm h cause the great frequency of cancer among modern nation-. This seems to be the only plausible explanation of the growing frequency of cancer in every civilized country. It is hoped that the work conducted at present under the auspices of the George Crocker Fund among the In- dian- oi the Latin \meriean republics will throw additional light on the conditions within

civilized lite which favor tin- occurrence oi cancer. In these republics, especially in Mex-

it o and Brazil, Indian- of pure Mood, leading a

primitive life, are met side By side with those living in civilized communities and the half- breeds, i.e., mixtures of Indians with other r

CA1 SATION 01 < witK

The most im[x>rtant prohlcm in the study of a disease is the discovery of the cau-e- of it- origin. Effective treatment and prevention of a di-ea-e tan he hoped for only after this in formation is obtained. While no specific treat- ment has a- yet been found for tuberculosis or yellow fever, the tau.-u.-s producing these con ditions were discovered and con-equently pre- vention has become possible.

The difficulties in the investigation of the causes of cancer are numerous and manifold. In recent years the parasitic origin of cancer was the subject of much discussion and re- search. Many effort- were directed towards the discovery of a parasite responsible for the new growth. However, it was impossible to i-olate from cancerou- tissue a micro* Tgani-m capable of giving rise to a tumor when intro- duced into another organism. Moreover, the characteri-tics of cancer differ essentially from those of any parasitic disa

The malignant character of cancer is deter- mined by the power of proliferation of a group oi body cell-. Through this proliferation the tumor cells invade or •infiltrate" the neighbor- ing tissues. This proceeds until the tumor causes the death of the organism, either by destroying, "eating away." a vital organ or else by poisoning the organism through the product- created by the new growth. There i> still another way in which the tumor attack- tin- health of the organism. Some of the prolifera- ting cell- become separated from the original tumor, enter the general blood or lymph stream, and wander until they become lodged in some organ and there form a secondary, or » static, tumor, which in it- turn grow- indefi- nitely. For instance, a few cell- oi a cancer of the stomach may in thi- manner find their way to the liver and there form a secondary growth. Such a metastatic secondary tumor, though formed in a distant organ, consists of the cells of the original tumor. This condition i- not met with in any parasitic di-c.

Cancers formed in different organ- differ not only in the form oi their cell-, hut also in the clinical character of the d The differ-

ent e hetween an >;oma of the Stan

i canter formed from the cell- of the secreting

glands of the stomach and *./r<o»>;,j <>/ tht

er formed from the cell- oi the hone or

other connective tissue oi the leg is a- great as

hetween measles an. I scarlet fever.

CAXCER AS KXOUX TO-DAY

59

It is thus apparent that the term "cancer" cient to warrant the great dread of inheriting stands for a group of different diseases all the disease. The statistical work of the George characterized by the formation of a tumor Crocker Fund forcibly points to the conclusion possessing an unlimited power of growth, and that the increased vulnerability and lessened we are consequently warranted in assuming resistance of the organism, caused by the ever

increasing strain of modern life, play an important role in the causation of cancer.

Wemdl Ger-n.

Layer

£«.ttTTi»l Germ L aye* _rW<l\e Germ Layer

FIGURE 3: CROSS SECTION THROUGH AN EMBRYO OF A TRITON (A SMALL LIZARD). SHOEING THE THREE GERM LAYERS

Drawing after O. Her-

:m of Columbia University. Department of Pathology

But in order to gain clearer information into the mech- anism of this relationship there will be required years of work extending to thou- sands of cases in both Cau- casian and alien races.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

The last seventy years as shown above, thus accom- plished more for the under- standing of the nature of cancer than all the ages previous to that period. But that the primary cau-es creating these cellular still greater are the achievements of the last disturbances may .vary in each case. Hence it nine years, during which a method has been becomes necessary to ascertain the character- found to study the disease experimentally on -. the mode of development. and the pecul- lower animals. No actual "cure" for cancer iarities of every form of cancer. has as yet been discovered. Experimental

This information can be obtained only cancer research is as yet largely a pure science through the clinical study of a trreat number of as distinguished from the applied sciences. patients who have been under careful observa- Hut from that it should not be inferred that tion. Research with this aim in view has been the work has been without practical value. conducted in many Kuropean countrie- for \ot one of the threat modern achievements some time. In thi- country it was initiated by in engineering could have been accomplished the (ieorge ("rocker Fund of ( olumbia I'ni- without the pure -i iences of mathematics ty. The work was begun only one year and mechanics, nor the marvelous inventions

The clinical hi-tories of 4000 < re

ly/.ed. This analysis brought to lij^ht some

poirr osideraWe importance. It became

•nt that the disease is more frequent among

women 'I I lue to the j<

•mb and th<- female b; r, the freqi; of the other

oma< h. the f.n e. mouth, or the kidne\

I hi- find ! by di- nt about I. and to him. |>arti« ularly the U

• • further n kiri'

than in th<- 1- 1 1

thou I the pi >■■

if,. f|, r. -iii 11 [f we con i'li 1 furthei thai the I" 1

hed in iii' ild be reprodui ed artifi< iall)

• , tl.. n in. In el experi

iii-.

1 1/1 D

.

60

THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

i [GUR1 5 : Ml 1 VS1 - IND \i:Y C\N<

IN Till. LIVER

iund nodule in the center of the figure is the cancer. . healthy liver tissue. Microphotoyraph)

mentally, as in diphtheria, tetanus and tuber- culosis, we cannot l>ut feel that we have arrived at the beginning of the solution of the cancer problem.

I have already mentioned that cancel fre- quently occurs in certain species of lower ani- mals. In iqoi Jensen in Denmark and Leo Loeb in this country showed that in while mice and rats the disease occurs not only spontane- ously, but also that it may be induced artifici- ally in a previously healthy animal. This dis- covery immediately stimulated investigation of cancer to a degree unheard of before. Special institutions for cancer research were organized in London. Frankfurt, Heidelberg, Berlin, and Copenhagen. In the United Mates the Grat- wick Laboratory of Buffalo was organized for the study of the disease, and Pennsylvania, Cornell. Harvard, and Columbia Universities and the Rockefeller Institute created sp< departments for the same purpose. If we con- sider the progress in the work on cancer made in so short a period, we have good reason to

look with hope to the future.

The experimental research is conducted mainly on white mice and rats, though oc- casionally dogs and hares are used. In order to

indui e the growth of c am er in a healthvanim.il

a very small particle of the tumor of another cancerous animal is inoculated under the skin of the first. If the inoculation is successful the piece begins to grow and becomes visible to the naked eye in a few weeks. This inoculation is not more painful than a hypodermic injection of morphine, and the subsequent growth of the tumor is not connected with any di.-comfort to the animals.

Minute and pain-taking studies of these arti- ficial growths have revealed facts of great intc-r- est. The inoculated piece grows through the reproduction of its own cells, without the addi- tion of the cells of the animal into which it was inoculated. When a part of the artificial tumor thus developed in the >econd animal is intro- duced into a third animal, and a cancer growth takes place in the latter, the cells of this third cancer are the direct offspring of the cancer cells of the first animal. This tran-fer of the original cells may be continued indefinitely. Indeed the cancer cells of the tumor first dis- covered by Jensen in a white mouse eight years ago are still being transferred into thousands of other mice, and eight years are four time- the lifetime of a mouse. Thus experimental re- search has shown, first, that the cancer growth i- always due to the reproduction of a living cancer cell (if the cells of the inoculated piece are destroyed by heat or poison>, no tumor growth takes place), and. further, that cancer cells are immortal: that they live and propa- gate indefinitely. This capacity for indefinite propagation is the main feature which distin- guishes a cancer cell from a normal body cell, and underlies all characteristics of the dia Many details in the relationship between the cancer cell and the organism that carries it. details which are oi fundamental importance for the understanding of the nature of the dis- . are obtained by the aid of this experi- mental method, but it is impossible to enter here into all the minutiae of the subject

One oi the most interesting and practically important phenomena observed during these experimental investigations consists in the " im- munity" or resistance oi certain animals to tin- growth of an inoculated cancer. \ I nicer which grew originally in a white mou-e cannot be transplanted into an animal of another specie- closely allied to it. a-, for instance, a rat. Moreover, it does not grow in a white mou-e raised in a different locality. Even when ani- mals oi the same race or locality are inoculated with tumor, the latter does not grow in all of them, but a certain number appear to be re- sistant to the growth oi cancer. There exist- consequently in certain animals a condition of natural immunity to cancer. Research has

CAXCER AS KX01YX TO-DAY

61

proved further, that the same kind of immunity may be induced by artificial means.

Immunity may occur in animals and men against a great many intoxications and infec- tions, and the nature of this immunity varies with different conditions. It may be inborn, as. for instance, the immunity of the negro race to malaria, or acquired, as the immunity to small- pox in persons cured of one attack of the dis- ease. Immunity may also be induced artifi- cially in one of the two following ways: either, as in vaccination, by the artificial production of a mild form of the disease, which the organism easily overcomes i such artificial immunity is called active); or by injection of blood-serum or other fluid taken from an animal previously rendered immune to the disease. The latter is called passive, and as an instance of it. may be cited the immunization with diphtheria anti- toxin.

Artificial immunity to growth of cancer seems to resemble most the active immunity in- duced by vaccination. Until recently the meth- ods of immunization of an animal against the th of cancer consisted in a previous injec- tion of an emulsion of living cells taken from a weakly growing tumor. Similar results were produced by the injection of an emulsion of normal IkkJv cells. It was thought, however, that no immunity could be inducer! unless the cells used for vaccination were alive.

The investigations conducted by the (.eorge -:er Fund succeeded in demonstrating that it wa >le to immunize animals by injec-

tion >f dead cells prepared in such

a manner as to leave intact the active sub- stance^. The advantage of thi- method ( onsists in the opportunity it affords the investigator to study the chemical constitution of the -uh- -tances which render the organism immune th.

It mu-t be l*>rne in mind, that so far our of immunity against i ! to lower animals. Bui evidence is mutating whh h poii I - to the possibility of the immunity from

. men Several recent repo pon

.(•- of < .on it patients < an be ted for only on I

V \ METHO!

f all thcoretii a ihc alleviation of human

I ni the i ure

)i .1 further

• irll .

place. The menace of cancer is not so much in the size or position of the formed tumor, as in its potential power for further growth, its dissemination and invasion into different or- gans :nd tissues. Unless these constant in- roads of the disease are arrested, there is no cure. In other words, to cure cancer means to induce artificial immunity to further growth of the cancer cells. It is clear, then, that the ex- perimental study on artificial immunity tends towards the ulitmate discovery of rational

c$' ^fcsiieSw^ :* ^ *v 1 " ^

riCUSE 6: ADENOCARCINOMA OS STOMACH

(Por y linos A show places whore the Can-

rew from the walls of the stomach glands into the surrounflinR tissue)

methods of treatment of the disease. In rats and mice the study is comparatively easy, since the whole lifetime of the animals is two years. and cancer frequently kills the animal in two months. Still, even in experiments on these animals, there is an immense amount of work yet left undone. Both the I hemic al constitution of the immunizing substances and their exact mode of action must be discovered before the search for similar substances in human pa- thology may begin.

The iliitn ultirs in the way of the proper esti mation of the value of any curative agent on man are fai r than in small animal ■

I luman • not an a< ute di and even

.-. ithout in- er patient i

ml a mei.i l .i I ii n

■ p ■ ■ m ihn ■ i twenty

n apparent i i the

value of an) remed) , a t< t mu t be made on i number ol ind for a pei lod o

the an the medic il | m to help the patient . and

the hup- . called inoperable

(I n mi dj find

62

////. AMERH IV REVIEW OF REVIEWS

m

-,

/

1 li.i l; i

i '1 \ lit.

(Tli- v; t lie n

the limb i the .i -.cd)

ready acceptance It is certainly perfectly legitimate for a physician to report at a medical society the preliminary results of an incom- plete investigation in order to hear the opinion of his colleagues, and possibly to induce a parallel investigation. Hut the lay pre— i- eager to get news about cancer. The experi-

ment is reported in an incomplete and dis- torted manner, and the unfortunate cancer pa- tient-- clamor (or the new remedy, often refusing an operation. A volume mi^ht be filled with the title- of all the remedies proposed during the last two or three decade-, hut we >hall con- sider only a few of the latest methods of treat- ment which seemed to he most promising.

It was noticed on several occasions that a patient .suffering from sarcoma I' an. er ion sisting of connective tissue cells) contracted cr\ -ipelas. and when the erv -ipela- was i ured the sarcoma also disappeared. In view of this Dr. Coley, of New York, proposed some fifteen years ago to ( lire sarcoma by the injection of toxins derived from erysipelas l>ai illi. A larLie number of patients submitted to the treat ment, but the cases whii h appeared to be im- proved were so very few that they were prob- ably accidental. The investigations of I>r. Bloodgood, of Baltimore, completely disp of the matter by showing that certain cases of sarcoma are a great deal more innocent than they were previously considered.

A few years ago, I)r. J. Heard, of Kdin- burgh, reported on the curative influence on cancer of the 1<h al applk ation and injet lion of trypsih — a juice which is secreted by the pan- c reas, a digestive inland. Subsequent tests showed that the method was absolutely value- Less.

A f^rcat deal of hope seems to center around X-ray and similar electric c urrent treatments and the a» tivity of radium, but it ha- been c «>n- clusively demonstrated that the-c agents ac t only on small localized tumor- of the skin, as the one shown in Figure 4. on page 59, which could t>e even more radically removed by a knife.

Very re< entry a great deal of prominent e was given in the lav pre-> to a new remedy dis- covered by the late I >r. I . Hodenpyl, of New- York, a scientist of high repute, whose un- timely death the entire American medical pro- fession mourns. Dr. Hodenpyl encountered a patient who was cured of * am er but developed an accumulation of fluid in the abdomen, for which she had to be repeatedly tapped. The idea suggested it-elf to I >r. Hodenpyl that this fluid might contain some of the immune sub stances, through which the patient herself had been cured, and he dec ided to experiment with it. first on mice and then, with all the caution that his scientific training taught him. on pa- tients. On May 1 last, at the meeting >.<i the American Surgical Association in Washington, and also at the meeting Of the American \ sociation for Cancer Research report- were made of the treatment with this fluid, and it wa- found that the patients who had been con-

CAXCER AS KXOWX TO-DAY

63

sidered completely cured, had already had a recurrence of the disease.

The reason for the temporary influence of these modes of treatment of the disease may be found in the following facts: Cancer cells pro- liferate so rapidly that the formation of new blood and lymph vessels, which are the chan- nels for the distribution of food to the cells, cannot keep pace with the process. The cells in the center of the tumor frequently die for lack of food, the mass becomes liquefied and is absorbed by the organism, the tumor decreases in size. All active agents serve to stimulate this increase of the dying cancer cells, and consequently diminish temporarily the size of the tumor, but the cells at the periphery con- tinue proliferating, invading tissue and dis- seminating, until they kill the organism.

In connection with this relationship between a tumor and its bloodvessels, another "cure" .ncer may be mentioned. In 1903 Dr. Dawbarn, of New York, published a book entitled "Starvation Treatment of Certain Malignant Growths,'' in which he advised to t the flow of blood to cancer in the mouth, or on the neck by tying the two main blood- n the neck. His purpose was to di- minish in this way the size of such tarn ers and make them more amenable to subsequent operative treatment. Now a few weeks ago there appeared on the first page of a New York daily an article entitled "Cancer Cured by Starvation." To the lay mind the proposed method may appear as another general cure vhile in fact it has only a narrow application in a small number ol

THE AI'VA.W E IN si RGERY

r that not one of these empiri- cal, Don-Opet methods of treatment of al value, and many of them v dan-. patient, who the opportune time for a • ration.

[joint that not- withstanding the 1 omplc

lition of < aot <-r patients '•< cssarii less. \\ hile the experi

for the ■

thin tin-

last generation in the operative treatment of the disease. In the first place, great progress has been made since the beginning of the era of aseptic surgery. Thirty years ago no sur- geon dared to attack a cancer of the stomach or intestines. At present nearly 20 per rent. of the operated cases of cancer of the stomach remain cured. Further progress has been made in the operative treatment of cancer, since surgeons learned to know better the roads through which the formation of secondary Cmetastatic) tumors takes place. For instance, in the operative treatment of cancer of the breast by the old methods there was hardly a

- of a complete cure, while by the new- methods of operation, devised by Dr. Ilalstead, of Baltimore, and Dr. Willy Meyer, of New York, about ten years ago, 42.8 per cent, re- main positively cured; so likewise by the aid of the new method of extirpation of the cancerous womb, devised by \\ ertheim, 59 percent, are per- manently cured. These results compare very favorably with the results of the treatment of lobar pneumonia, typhoid, or tuberculosis, not to mention Bright's or similar chronic disease-.

Why, then, is the disease still fatal in such a large proportion of cases? The reason is very apparent. The onset of the disease is very insidious and in the majority of cases the pa- tients seek the >ur<_reon too late for a radical operation. This is very frequently true of - of the cancer of the womb, for instance. But even in cancer of the breast, where the disease could be noticed easily, 29 per cent, of the cases that came to Ilalstead were too late for the opera lion.

The greatest difficulty in the treatment of cancer thus consists not in the lack of proper method-, hut in the fat t that the disease is not 'ui/.ed early enough to be amenable to radical operative treatment. The public must be made to realize that the diagnosis of < am cr not mean a death warrant. Hut what is of greater importance, all nun and women. e-pe< ially those pasl the age of forty, should be on the alert for the disi over) of an) una. < otmt

able >wth, .mil should « onsull a phj si

c ian immediately upon its appearance. rh< early di I earl) radi< al operative

treat: 1 remedy for the patii nl

until the- laborat* t a pet ific

tment.

LIVE STOCK AND LAND VALUES

BY A. G. LEONARD (Vice-President and General .Manager, Union St'« k Yard and Transit Company, Chi

E^IGHTY per cent of the corn raised in the *— ' United States is fed to live stock, accord- ing to calculation- by the Department of Agri- culture based upon the average experience of

American farmers, investigations by the differ- ent States, and reports from various Govern- ment departments showing the amount of corn used for other purposes and exported.

The following table shows approximately the disposition of a ten-year average corn crop of the United States:

DISPOSITION OF ANNUAL CORN CROP i Average 1899- mos>

1IOW IsI.D. BUSHELS. PERCENT.

Exported 106,000,000 4.4

Milling, distilling and va- rious other manufactures. 300,000,000 12.6 Fed to live stock in cities

and towns 6S. 000, 000 2 9

Fed to live stock on farms 1.9 10, 000,000

Total

2,384,000,000 loii.d

Since the last census, the yearly average farm price of corn in the United States has ad- vanced from 3] cents per bushel in iqoo to 67.7 cents in 190S and 6S.2 cents in 1900.

In the meantime, land in the corn belt has advanced in value almost exactly in proportion to the advance in the price of corn, and the increased value of land in the corn belt has been the chief cause of the increase in value of other lands.

Naturally, the higher price and higher rentals for farms in the older States would make the newer lands of the West more desir- able, especially for young farmers and renters who wish to become owners of farms, while the advance in the value of the former is a strong inducement to invest in the latter.

but the significant point is that the growth and maintenance of land values rests chielly upon tin- presence of live stock upon farms. The price of land is high mainly because the price of corn is high, and the price of corn is high chielly because- so much of it is in demand for the- purpose of feeding live stock, while there is a world shortage o\ live stock, which keeps up both relative demand and prices for

meats in all Countries, because population

everywhere is growing faster than the supply of meat animals.

I ake away from the farms a considerable share of their live stock, and it would follow- that such enormous quantities of corn would be thrown upon the market as to reduce its price below the cost of production, and such a general drop in the value of corn would surely lower the value of lands all over the corn belt, and hence would affect seriously the value of all lands.

It follows, therefore, that if the farmer- the United States would continue to receive remunerative prices for their annual corn crops, and if they would maintain the present general values of farm lands throughout the country, they must keep up or increase the supply of live stock on farms.

< )f course there is always the added and very important consideration of preservim: land val- ues by preserving and increasing the fertility of the -oil, which can be naturally and permanently done only by raising plenty of live stock on the farm, as every up-to-date farmer knows.

The above is a serious subject for thoughtful study by all who are interested in land values, including railroad managers, land dealer-, col- onization and irrigation companies, and others besides the farmers themseh

In short, to increase and improve the supply of live stock in the country, especially of meat animals, is absolutely essential to keeping up the production and price of corn; to maintain- ing the value of lands, and to preserving the fertility of the soil; while all of these are nec- essary to continued agricultural prosperity, which is now well recognized as the basis of the general prosperity of all classes and of all ! ness interests throughout the nation.

These facts cannot too often be impre- upon the minds oi all those who are engaged in farming to-day. for upon their policy in the conduct oi their farms must depend in larue measure not only the welfare of themselves and their families and the value oi their possessions, but also the national welfare and development of the nation's resources for both the present generation and the generations to come.

In conclusion, it should be borne in mind that the limited area of the corn belt, together

with the world shortage of li.e stock as com- pared to the growth oi population, makes it certain that low values for corn and 1: will never again prevail in this country.

• a

HEAD WATERS OF THE OWENS RIVER. SOURCE OF THE LOS ANGELES WATER SUPPLY

THE LOS ANGELES AQUEDUCT

BY [OSEPH BARLOW LIPPINCOTT

int Chief Engini

IN thirty j Vfexii an piac-l >1*>

ith 1 1,000, inhabitants, has a Amerk an < ity of ^ ;o,ooo d valuation during from f; ■'>-',-

In tii il plain, lying bel

a mil<l m-:i and mountains, the

uired lo

ilh a

Mi r -

lor there ithin

rum

f)f ordlll

bitant ii

wjj»i><>rtr.| i<» .-., ted land,

ip

annually arc obtained from lands with sufii ( ient water. Telephones, ele tri< i ars, ami tified streets follow as a natural sequence in these agricultural districts. This develop- ment i- measured bj the a\ ailable water supply, for the ( limate is semi arid, no rain falling be a April and < )< lober. All tin- available water in th<' immediate vicinity having been utilized, it became n« ry for th< ' I ." \

.it mountains f<>r an adequate supply to ■ her rapidly grow ing m i

nted to the of Spain in i 'I he I rarn i i an fi iai . r< in irrigated Spain, with wisdom limited the boundai ■• hich ihi m er i ould

prop. .r purposes of irrigation H

a fortunate i oin< idem c ih< ni of \\ ater

n-.|iiir«-.| pei .urc i ■ -r irrigated farming i- the

(/>

Till: AMERICAN A7J7/.II OF REVIEWS

o°

o

L

rv ' i T"°"

■v p

tf»,-0*.»

■•H P

-

■

/\l 7 ^* TIN

MAP OF THE LOS ANGELES AQUEDUCT

mili-s lot

s:mc as that for urban u~

that the transition from farm to city has been accom- plished without shock. This fact has economic impor- tance, because it will be possible to put under highly beneficial irrigation the sub- urban lands which will later be occupied for urban pur- poses. Water rights in South- ern California are becoming more difficult to obtain eae h year, and it was necessary {or the city to ai t in a compre- hensive way in order to pro- vide broadly for the future. The only certain security for the retention of a water right in the West lies in its bene- ficial use.

\ MOUNTAIN SOURCE

It might have been sible for the city of 1 Angeles to invade neighbor- ing irrigation districts and, l>v exercising her right of eminent domain, to take ir- rigation water for domestic uses, but this would have destroyed fruit farms worth a thousand dollars or more an ai re. tributary to the c ity. The alternative adopted \\a» a remote mountain source where there would be a minimum interference with existing communities, where large quantities of water were unused, and from whk h I1 could conduct to the i it volume <>f wal the bondin dd

safely pay for. keeping in mimi that adequate pn>\ i-ion for all future needs must now be made.

The eastern slope of the \ rada range, situ- ated in Central California between Owens and Mono tor a distal I »S

miles drains through the ()w< as \ alley into Owens

,e. which has no outlet and whk li of

ioo square mile-, from which

TWO OF THE FINISHED TUNNELS !N THE SAUCVS DIVISI'

there is an annual evaporation loss of seven feet in depth. The northernmost point of this ba-in adjoins the Yosemite National I'ark. Along the crest there are forty peaks having an elevation in excess of 13.000 feet, of which the hit^he-t, Mt. Whitney, at-

14,500 feet. Then no range in this country mor- 'ilar. The pre-

cipitation occurs in winter it depth, whi( h the ms by the summer ■r of thi^ valley ha> ition of 3,800 :'■ while the

ilhin a of i<-n m •

0

rial i the

the < i»\ <.f :

r-d by '

THE LOS AXGELES AQUEDUCT 67

A RIVAL OF NEW YORK'S CATSKILL SUPPLY

The aqueduct consists of a series of six storage reservoirs and 215 miles of conduit. The largest reservoir site is on the main stream at Long Valley, with an elevation of 7.000 feet, about fifty miles above the point where the aqueduct diverts the river. Here, with a dam 160 feet in height. 340,000 acre feet of water may be impounded, or enough water to cover 340,000 acres one foot deep, which is 2S,ooo acre feet less than the capacity of the Ashokan reservoir now being constructed by the City of Xew York. Its province will be to hold over waters from years of plenty to groups of years of extreme drouth, such as occur only three or four times in a century. An artesian well dis- trict, approaching fifty miles in length, has been outlined by well borings in the floor of Owens Yallev. This water can be conserved for the same purpose.

Fifty miles below this Long Valley reservoir site, the main canal, with a capacity of qoo cubic feet per second and a width of sixty-five feet on the bottom, diverts the river and various tributaries as they are passed, discharging into the Haiwee reservoir sixty miles below the in- take. This 900 second-foot canal will carry all ordinary summer flood waters caused by the melting of the snow. The Haiwee reservoir, with a capacity of 64,000 acre feet, will regulate these flood waters into a uniform How of 400 cubic feet per second, or 258,000,000 gallons daily. — a truly vast supply.

lilt V. 1 1 I I

I I P I !

llll. AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

The fust twenty miles of the canal, situated in the moisl artesian land- of < >wens Valley, is being excavated l»\ hydraulic dredges, and forms pra< tit ally a modified river t ourse \\ hie h i> nut lined. A large number of springs occur in tin- Boor <>i tin- valley, which will augment the flow in this a. I "r the next forty

miles to the Haiwee reservoir, the canal is concrete-lined, but not covered. Ik-low the Haiwee reservoir to the suburbs I Vngeles, the aqueduct will he completely lined and covered with concrete. This portion skirts along the eastern base of die Sierra Nevadas, ( rossing the extreme western arm of the Mo- jave desert near the town of Mojave, and then passes under the* oast range with the Elizabeth Tunnel, yi miles in length and sixty miles north of the city.

1! \\l I IM. I Ml sll RR IS

For fifty miles, in this part of the aqueduct, the line is forced into regions of great topo- •_;r;i|>liH severity along the eastern face of the Sierra. Tunnel follows tunnel for mile after mile. Frequently, on the -teeper and more threatening slopes, the tunnel line docs not come to the surface at all, hut is reached for construction purposes by side drifts or adits, through which the excavated material and the ( on, rete for lining are conveyed. Canyons are

i rossed with steel prc.--ure pipes ten feet in diameter, and- with pressure heads varying from 200 to 900 feet. The materials for con- Struction are conveyed up the mountainsides by aerial trams, and in these districts the engineering work is hold and imposing. The next so tion of seventy miles is "cut-and-cover" construction through the desert plain. Here steam shovels excavate a deep trench about twelve feel wide and ten feet deep, in which the aquedui t is built, the cover being kept con- stantly below the surface of the "round so asto oiler no obstruction to the occasional "cloud- hursts" which rush down the desert slop

When the c re>t of the coast range i> pierced, the grade drops from an elevation of ;.coo feet to 1,000 feet in the San Fernando Valley, immediately commanding by gravity all the suhurhs of the c ity. From the Elizabeth Tunnel to the San Fernando Valley, the line is boldly located in a rugged country. As the work has progressed and the efficiency of the organization has developed, the cost data have shown that the tunnel work was being done with surprising cheapness, and consequently the amount of tunneling has heen imrc. from twenty-eight miles, originally contem- plated in the location of the line, to a total of forty -three miles. Tunnels are the most -ecu re and permanent form of construction possible. Thirty eight miles of tunnel has heen ex< a

o\l <«t till CONCRET1 FLUMES IN llll IAWBONI IMVIMON oh THE AQUEDU l

THE LOS AXGELES AQUEDUCT

69

STEAM SHOVEL WORKING IN DEEP CUTS

vated in the past two years. The Western mines have yielded to the Los Angeles Aque- duct a most efficient tunnel organization.

THE On BUYS 80,000 ACKES OF LAM)

The Federal Government had investigated the Owens Valley as one of the regions where an irrigation project mi^ht be constructed under the Reclamation Act However, Sec- retary of the Interior Hitchcock adopted the Yuma and Klamath pr vhi< h would re-

quire all the funds available for reclamation ifornia at that time. Therefore,

nted its , 1 the Federal of] ials, it r< 1

•port of P It and Con-

Pirn hot, and 1 tarnation 5

I the itly.

pas*< Qting

all m

I •

1 abilit; |uire

into

contr

t i' 1

dlablc for full , rmed, il •) to 1 , and this

• < amp pen

pie voting first Si. 500,000 for the purchase of lands and water rights, then $23, 000,000 for hydraulic work and $3,500,000 for water- power installation. Not one acre of ground has been condemned by court procedure, but 80,- 000 acres have been purchased, covering a dis- tance of sixty miles along both banks of < )wens River from the point of diversion to< )wens Lake, carrying with them many local water rights.

BUILDING ACROSS A HI. SI Kl

It is diftt ult to explain to those inured to

rn humid conditions the obstacles that

to be surmounted in order to conquer a

1 sufficiently to build across it a great

public work of this nature. Withoul water,

towns, railroad^, telephones, post offii es, the

try had to be made habitable and com

tortable enough to indu< e a migrating laboring

lation to remain fi on the work of

ompletion. Ni on the

ntainside in the desert portion of the line,

for a hundred and twent) five miles, h is been

I with a s) ti m of main pipe lines whi< h

is pnu tically continuous along the conduit, for

tru< lion and do 1 mi n em

I. 'I he Aquedm 1 Bureau ha 1 up

ward o buildings, in tailed a telephone

n length with Icm al > onna tru< tion 1 amp , and • ompli ind trail l hern

Pacini Company, under contract with the

70

N REVIEW OF REVIEW

nn i/i\i. w wt k powi k

The mountain torrent- proceeding from the eastern face of the Sierras in Owens Valley have heavy grades and offer unusual oppor- tunities for the development of water power. Preliminary to I on-true tion, three water-power plants were built on these streams, having an electrical output of 3,500 horsepower. This power has been led along the route a distance of 165 miles on high tension lines, furnishing all the energy required in the construction, running air compressors, power shovels, hoists; rock crushers, and electric locomotives. All power not required for construction is used in operating the municipal cement plant, which forms the southern terminus of the power line. Electricity for the southern end of the aqueduct is purchased from the Edison Electric Com- pany and conducted to all these construction camps for similar 1.

A cement mill has been built by the city at Tehac hapi.near the center of construction oper- ations, with a capai ity of 1.000 barrels a day. The cement manufactured i- of a high grade.

l'Hl c 11 v \- BUILDER

A VIEW ol 1 111 CONDU1 I IN Till DES1 LINED i\H Rl \l>Y

aqueduct to transport 20.000,000 ton mile- of freight north of Mojave, ha- built the Nevada and California railroad from Mojave to Owens It was decided to open the most difficult Valley. This railroad system has rendered section of the work first, and the Jawbone threat aid to the enterprise, as it recognized its Division, twenty two miles in length and con- importance in sustaining and developing Los tainiiu: 65.000 feet of tunnels. Wl ted. Angeles and its tributary country. An estimate was made of what would I >

PUTTING lit! co\c Kill, cox I H ON llll coNDLII l\ I HI MOJAVE DESERT

THE LOS AXGELES AQUEDUCT

71

AQUEDUCT CONCRETE PLANT BUILT BY THE CITY OF LOS ANGELES

reasonable contractor's bid. Seven bids were received from reliable firms in widely different parts of the United States. All of these bids being substantially hitrher than the engineers' estimates, the Hoard of Public Works, which

jurisdiction over aqueduct affairs, rei< them and the engineering department was in- structed to proceed to do the work by day labor. time fixed for the building of the division vhich period will expire on the This division is now i. Careful i osl data have pt on all features of the work, and I

•plied to the remaining i; per

unfinished To this has been added all

sun». en in< urred on

making full alio* the in-

whi< h was $2,294,201.

.

her por

hauling

' lull

laUir tin- entire e tinea, and 1 ->i j »*- line I be

present indications are that the aqueduct will be built both within the five years' time and the $23,000,000 specified by the original board of consulting engineers.

One of the important advantages gained by this method of doing work by day labor or "force account" has been the freedom allowed rs to modify plans to meet condi- tions as they develop, and to change the loca- tion of the route as their cost data indicates possible & onomies. It is frequently stated that it i^. impossible for muni* ipalities to do work as cheaply as contrai tors, but apparentl) the real question is whether the enterprise is large enough to ju>tifv the pun base of equipment and whether the organization < an be main t. lined on a business basis. It is possible for a city to employ men of equal effii iem y and to material- a or.

The Aqueduct Bureau has been organi ed under ■ >n in the 1 ity

< barter, and n hile emh • quenth

<k < 1 1 r l>oth in the emplo

1.1I and then 1 nol I appointee in the organization

1 1 i>

\n in'' e tli.it h.i lx en de

.eloped, particular!) in the tunnel work, has 1U1 hmenl ol .1 bonu - lem t"i

72

I III AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS

(l HI 1 OF THF. AQU.DLCT INTO DRY CANYON RESERVOIR

present indications the ex.

cavation of this tunnel will be ( ompleted in three vears. Another feature that has been productive <>f benefi- ( ial results is the general distribution of monthly re- ports showing unit eo-- all features of the work. ,ui\in» credit to the man in charge either for expensive <>r a onomical work. Thus the rei ords of each di\ ision arc made a matter of dis- ik>D over the entire line, resulting in a keen rivalry amont; the various division organizations for speed and economy. These re* ords are made the basis of pro- the laborers. Each tunnel is inspected and a motion or discharge. Under this system the en- >nal>le rate of prolines estimated upon, dre organization has been made most efficient The tunnel trews are then informed of this The aqueduct con- 13 miles of turn

rate and are paid a bonus for any excess 98 miles of covered conduit, 41 miles of lined footage that they can accomplish in driving the open conduit, 21 miles of unlined canal. 12 tunnel, each man from the foreman down miles of steel siphon, and 882 feet of concrete sharing in the bonus. The city practically flume, a total of 215 miles. In addition, there divides with the men any saviiv_r resulting from is the Ilaiwee reservoir, 7 miles in length, and the increased speed. As the daily charges ap- the power conduits to be constructed in the San proximate a fixed amount, the cost per foot Francisquito canyon, 11 miles long, which will varies closely with the speed. The impetus serve the combined purpose of conveying the given the work by this bonus system has re- water towards the city of Los Angeles and of d in the aquedui 1 organization capturing developing two drops aLrLrre'jatini: iocc feet for American records, both for hard nnk and the generation of electric power. The terminus soft-rock tunnels. In April last a run of 604 of the aqueduct system will be the Fernando i>et tth end of the Elizabeth reservoir, about 14 miles north of the bound.

Tunnel in granite, Mr. VV. C. Vston being the of the city of Los Angeles. From this point the superintendent in charge, and in August, iqoq, water will be delivered to the city in pi] a run of 1061 feet was made at one heading in The aqueduct is designed to deliver 400 cubic asofl tone in the Jawbone Division under feet per second, or 258,000,000 gallons per 1

\ . • . I' risen, division engineer. Tl ad rvoir> will be built in the

place for bard-rock tunnel re. ords in the San Fernando Valley in which such portion of - i- held b) innison Tunnel the winter flow can be accumulate not

in Color do, wl feet w. vated in required durinc; the rainy season, and from

one month. e miners in the aqueduct which can be drawn a supply in the summer to

tunn< nearly all Amerii ans or Irish and augment the summer Bow of the aqueduct

enter into their work under the bonus proper, thus permitting the the full

1 ly from a sporting impulse to beat pax ity for twelve months in the • the ] t. Drones are driven out. and the conduit and for the generation of j

- duty is almost entirely confined to

nd equipment. fowek development

Their method yf work resembles a snappy

iall cont( I ■ tinct The rate at which power is consumed in a

[ a Bret Ilarte to .ity varies greatly with the hours of the day. chronicle their d the load being light from midnight until six

Til. eth l nnel was supposed to have o'clock and heavy in the early evening for pur-

been the controlling factor in determining the of street lighting and transportation. The

time for the completion of the aq lio between the average hourly consumption

ing allowed for this work. From of power in Los Angeles and the maximum

THE LOS AXGELES AQUEDUCT

hourly consumption is about 40 per cent. This is called the load factor. To develop a power output which varies with this demand, the line has been so located that a reservoir site of sub- stantial capacity is available at the intake of the power plant and another near the tail-race of the lower power plant in the San Francis- quito canyon, and between these two points the conduit is built of a size adequate to carry 1,000 cubic feet per second, or two and a hah" times the mean flow. With this hydraulic combina- tion it will be possible to van' the flow of water through the power houses in the same ratio as the demand for power varies in the city, thus enabling the city to enter into contracts for the deliver}- of power to meet ''peak load" con ditions. In addition to the drop in the San Franc isquito canyon, there is available for power development a fall of 270 feet at the Haiwee reservoir and 215 feet at the point where the aqueduct discharges into the Fer- nando reservoir. The possibilities of power development have been passed upon by a board of eminent electrical engineers who report the feasibility of generating 120,000 horse power on the peak load without interfering -with the continuous delivery of 400 second feet.

The policy of the city has not yet been de- fined for the distribution of the power and the surplus water. The city charter has been modified so as to provide that no water or

ept to actual consumers without submission to the qualified voter

Ho.vi.cr. this water and power prob- ably will be used for the building up of the suburban communities and the encouragement of manufacturing ind

PERSONNEL OF THE MANAGEMENT

It is estimated that the aqueduct is now 60 per cent, completed. The success of the enterprise to date is fundamentally based upon an organized good-citizenship. It would have been impossible for the engineers, no matter how able and ambitious, to accomplish these results without the businesslike support of the city administration. The Board of Public Wonks, having jurisdiction over the Aqueduct Bureau, is composed of high grade men of established standing. Albert A. Hubbard is president of the board and associated with him are Lieut. General Adna R. Chaffee and Wil- liam Humphreys. General Chaffee has been detailed as the executive head of the Aqueduct Bureau. This selection has been most fortu- nate for the city, as General Chaffee is a man of recognized ability and is used to the handling of great enterprises. No employee spends longer hours at his desk than he. The guiding genius of the work is William Mulholland, the chief engineer. He has been connected with the Los Angeles water system for thirty years, starting with the corporation which first con- structed the water works and being retained in charge, when the city obtained possession in 1902. This water system under municipal management, in addition to delivering water for nine cents per i.eco gallons, yields a net annual profit of S6co,oco. It is this splendid record of the c ity water department, recognized by the citizens of the town, that originally in Spired confidence and engendered continued support for the greater undertaking of building the longest aquedu< t in the world and a monu- ment to applied conservation.

r.lM MAI I l\'. I" » K l"l' I ON< Kl II I I II I •'

THE CASE OF PALADINO

BY JOSEPH IAS I ROW

Iv t Psychology in the University <>f Wisconsin)

'I "1 1 1 case of Paladino finds it- origin in *• interests a- old and as widespread as hu- manity; it- closest affiliation i- with the time worn and crude practices and beliefs of primi- tive peoples. It- survival into these science- saturated days make- it notable; and the ven- ture to parade in academic dress and take a place among the accredited representative latter day research i- astounding, whether re- garded as shrewd bravadoor as a sincere prop- agandum, and remain- so in whatever tem- per we review the successes and reverses of its checkered career. The woman in the case at- tracts attention. Though in the main a willing instrument of a movement that gets it-- head- way from motives and interests that far trans- cend her personality, she cannot he dismissed a- a lav figure upon which the products of an eager imagination have been skilfully draped. The affaire Paladino might have been the affaire Smith or Jones; hut the combination of circumstances that gave it name and more than a local habitation is unusual in complexion, and ha- become international in its setting.

The notorious Eusapia of New York in the year [910 i- a surprisingly unprogressive re-* plica of the obscure Eusapia of Naples of the period of [890. Under the encouragement of convinced votaries one and another phenom- enon has been added to her repertoire; yet her stock in trade ha- undergone little alteration beyond the artful cutting of the garmenl to suit the cloth, the requirements oi her clientele being sufficiently mel by tin- standard patterns of her productions. It must Ik' definitely and clearly grasped at theoutset that ;. apia

affords but the slightest due to her fame

or to tin- attitude of her sponsors, la) or 54 jtn- tiiic. The story will be blind and its meaning lo-i if thus r< d I he case of Eusapia, like a divorce suit or an embezzlement, gets it- pres

rom the standing of the parties concerned. The incidents are about as sordid, about as commonplace, and bout the same les-

son in one set of circumstances a- in another. but when the proceedings move in intellectual high life, Mother Grundy, enterprising editors, and all sorts and conditions of men and women This heightened interest in the

•nnel of defendant, prosecution, and wit

74

es must not be permitted to obscun di-tort in any measure the simple findings of tlii' case, which alone form the subject-matter for the jury\ con-ideration.

A sifting of the personal evidence in the • of Paladino discloses that Eusapia wa- born in of lowly origin, and was early left an orphan without relative- or resource-: that her girlhood was uneventful save for the chance dis- covery, in a spiritualistic circle, of her powers as a medium. It appears that her debut was in the form of a letter in 1888 from Profi Chiaia, of Naples, to Professor Lomb The latter was firmly convinced of her super- normal powers a- early as 1891; and quite a group of men of science investigated her case in [892 in Milan, among them Professor Richet of I'aris, who. at first sceptical, later became an enthusiastic convert to the "genuineness" of the manifestations. The year- iNq ;, [894, and 1895 brought forward new and distinguished converts to her clientele, in Italy, in Russia, in Prance. Two English observers, Prof. Lodge mow Sir < Oliver Lodge) and Mr. I \\ II. Myers, took part in the seances held at Professor Richet'- house on the ile Roubaud in [894; and through their interest l.u-apia paid a visit to England in 1895, and there met her firsl serious reverses. Those who have sub scribed to the occurrem ipernormal phe-

nomena in her presence, through agencies in- explicable by fraud or by known phys force- form a distinguished group; many oi them have written learned article- framing elaborate theories to account for the motive forces responsible for the phenomena: quite a few have contributed volun 'iint-

ing the marvels oi the case of Paladino. The most accessible volume devoted to her phe- nomena i- that issued by Mr. Hercwanl Car rington in loco. It is his opinion that " I i- genuine; but -he i-.-o far as I know, almo-t unique.** "That in her may now be said to culminate and focus the whole evidential ■ for the physical phenomena of spiritualism/' If it could be shown that "nothing but fraud entered into the production oi these phe- nomena then the whole case for the ph\ phenomena would be ruined — utterly, irre- trievably ruined."

THE CASE OF PALADIXO

75

It thus appears that, if we are to decide the case of Paladino according to the extent of the evidence,1 the distinction and the scientific as well as personal reputation of the witnesses, there can be no doubt of the verdict in her favor; that phenomena occur in her presence independently